2013 Vol. 37, No. 5
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2013, 37(5): 257-261.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.001
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Abstract:
Objective To establish a low-dose but image-comparable respiratory-gated PET/CT(RG PET/CT) protocol based on 30 mA tube current plus other improved scanning parameters, such as the tube current, the number of respiratory phase and length of breathing cycle. Methods Twenty-six patients with 18F-FDG-intaking lung nodules underwent one-bed standard-dose PET/CT(120 mA, 2 min/bed)and low-dose RG PET/CT(30 mA, 6 respiratory phases, 1min/phase). The radiation dose and image quality were analyzed subsequently with signal to noise ratio(SNR)for PET and the homogeneity, noise level for CT in the water phantom respectively. Otherwise the CT images were both visual evaluated by two experienced doctors. In addition, different respiratory cycle was simulated to observe its relation with radiation dose. Results The effective dose of low-dose RG PET/CT was 4.88~7.69 mSv[mean(5.68±0.83) mSv]. The PET SNR showed no significance between groups. The homogeneity of 30 mA is good(< 5 HU), although noise level was high, the visual character like lobulation, speculation of lung nodule was superior in some respiratory phases. The radiation dose was positively correlated with respiratory cycle. Conclusions The performance of low-dose RG PET/CT was comparable to those of standard-dose PET/CT based on a protocol with 30 mA tube current, 6 respiratory phases and breathing state of eupnoea. It produced a much lower radiation exposure and the image quality was enough for clinical use such as delineation of tumor active target, characterization and staging of lung nodules, etc.
2013, 37(5): 262-264.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.002
Abstract:
Objective To identify the function of full-length cDNA sequence from IRM-2 mouse cDNA library. Methods Full-length cDNA products were amplified by PCR from IRM-2 mouse cDNA library according to twenty-one pieces of expressed sequence tag. The expression of full-length cDNAs were detected after mouse embryonic fibroblasts were exposed to 6.5 Gy γ-ray radiation. And the effect on the growth of radiosensitivity cells AT5B1VA transfected with full-length cDNAs was investigated. Results The expression of No.4, 5 and 2 full-length cDNAs from IRM-2 mouse were higher than that of parental ICR and 615 mouse after mouse embryonic fibroblasts irradiated with γ-ray radiation. And the survival rate of AT5B1VA cells transfected with No.4, 5 and 2 full-length cDNAs was high. Conclusion No.4, 5 and 2 full-length cDNAs of IRM-2 mouse are of high radioresistance.
2013, 37(5): 265-268.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.003
Abstract:
Objective To develop a sensitive and specific high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)method for determination of NiKeAn in rat plasma, and study the Pharmacokinetics in rat. Methods Sino chrom BDS column(250 mm×416 mm, 5 μm)was used. The mobile phase was CH3OH-0.02%-phosphoric acid(10:90)with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min, and the detection wave length was at 260 nm and 30 ℃ column temperature. The plasma was analyzed after a simple protein precipitation procedure with acetonitrile. The blood sample was collected from retinal vein and involved protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Concentration of NiKeAn in rat blood was analyzed by the established method, and the pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated by the DAS2.0 software. Results The linear range of NiKeAn in rat plasma was 20-1000 μg/ml(r=0.9998). As concentration of NiKeAn in rat plasma were 50, 150 and 500 μg/ml, the relative standard deviation of intra-batch and inter-batch were both less than 5.0%. The recovery rates of NiKeAn were 84.9%, 81.9% and 79.1%, respectively. After single dose of 125 mg/kg in rat, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be as follows: elimination half-life time(t1/2β)was(32.99±23.14)min, the area under the curve(AUC)(0-t)was(14390.23±2584.02)mg·L-1·min, AUC(0-∞)was(16569.89±3450.31)mg·L-1·min, the time of peak(Tmax)was(27.0±6.7)min, the peak concentration of drug(Cmax) was(242.13±33.89)mg/L. After single dose of 250 mg/kg in rat, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be as follows: t1/2β was(59.05±16.34)min, AUC(0-t)was(26752.23±7967.03)mg·L-1·min, AUC(0-∞)was(35812.87±9476.48)mg·L-1·min, Tmax was(27.5±11.3)min, Cmax was(316.32±63.68)mg/L. After single dose of 500 mg/kg in rat, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated to be as follows: t1/2β was(69.06±0.62)min, AUC(0-t)was(77306.48±27878.03) mg·L-1·min, AUC(0-∞)was(88014.22±26960.89)mg·L-1·min, Tmax was(40.0±7.7)min, Cmax was(601.42±147.15)mg/L. Conclusions The operation of established HPLC approach was simple, accurate, high-sensitive and better reproducible. This study provides a better reference for pharmacokinetics of NiKeAn in human bodies.
2013, 37(5): 269-271.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.004
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the clinical value of 131I whole body scans with that of serum thyroglobulin(Tg)determination for the follow-up of differentiated thyroid carcinoma(DTC)receiving post-operative 131I therapy. Methods There were 153 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer receiving post-operative 131I therapy for more than one time at the dose of 1.85-9.25 GBq. Serum Tg levels were measured before 131I treatment and 131I whole body scans were performed 5 days after treatment. Results Among the 153 patients who underwent 131I therapy, serum Tg levels and 131I-whole body scans were both abnormal in 85 patients(55.6%). Both examinations were negative in 21 patients(13.7%). In the 19 patients with abnormal 131I whole body scans only, image study with means of 18F-FDG, SPECT, CT, ultrasonic or whole body bone scan revealed lesions in 13 patients; while in the 28 patients with abnormal Tg levels only, image study with the above means revealed lesions in 25 patients. The sensitivity of Tg positiveness and 131I whole body scans positiveness were 89%(110/123) and 79.6%(98/123) respectively, and the specificity were 90%(27/30)and 80%(24/30)respectively. Conclusions Routine serum Tg measurement and 131I whole body scans in patients with DTC with 131I radiotherapy after thyroidectomy is essential. It is of greatly clinical value in early detecting metastases, optimizing the 131I treatment protocol and evaluating the curative effect.
2013, 37(5): 272-274.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.005
Abstract:
Objective To explore the regulative effect of non-homologous end joining(NHEJ)protein Ku70 on homologous recombination repair protein Rad51, and to investigate the synergistic mechanism of homologous recombination repair in combination with NHEJ. Methods Observed Rad51 protein expression after transfect Ku70 small interfering RNA or Ku70 plasmid DNA into tumor cells using Western blot. Results Expression of Rad51 was obviously reduced after pretreated with Ku70 small interfering RNA. And with the increasing expression of Ku70 protein after transfection of Ku70 plasmid DNA PGCsi3.0-hKu70 into tumor cell lines, the Rad51 protein expression was increased. Conclusion Ku70 protein has regulating effect on gene expression of Rad51, and it might participate in the collaboration between homologous recombination repair and NHEJ.
2013, 37(5): 275-278.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.006
Abstract:
Objective To compare the accuracy of 99Tcm-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid(99Tcm-DTPA)renal dynamic imaging and modified modification of diet in renal disease trail(MDRD)equation in determining the stage of the chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients in clinical practice. Methods A total of 169 patients were enrolled whose glomeruar filtration rate(GFR) were determined simultaneously by 3 methods:dual plasma sample clearance method, renal dynamic imaging and modified MDRD equation. The dual plasma sample clearance method was employed as the reference method. The accuracy of the other methods in determining the stage of CKD patients was compared and the comparison was repeated based on the different stages. Results The accuracy of renal dynamic imaging and modified MDRD equation was 56.80% and 68.64%, respectively(P=0.019 < 0.05). And only in the stage of uremia, the difference of the above-mentioned two method reached statistical significance(P=0.012 < 0.05), while in other stages they showed similar performance(P=0.180, 0.424, 0.629 and 0.754, all P>0.05). Conclusion Modified MDRD equation showed better performance than renal dynamic imaging or as good as the second one in determining the stage of CKD patients and the former one should be the first choice in clinical practice because of its simplicity and economy.
2013, 37(5): 283-286.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.008
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the incidence, clinical features and the possible risk factors of hepatic dysfunction in the newly diagnosed patients with Graves hyperthyroidism. Methods A retrospective analysis about total 204 newly diagnosed patients with Graves hyperthyroidism was studied. All the patients were divided into two groups by liver function:the hepatic dysfunction group(146 cases)and the normal group(58 cases). The gender composition, age, thyroid weight, 24 h-131I intake rate, free triiodothyronine(FT3), free thyronine(FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody(TRAb), thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb)and thyroglobulin antibody(TGAb)were compared between the two groups. A correlation analysis was progressed between the indicators of liver function and thyroid hormone. Results ① The incidence of hepatic dysfunction(at least one abnormal parameter)in the newly diagnosed patients with Graves hyperthyroidism was 71.6% and the most familiar abnormal parameter was alanine transarninase(ALT)(37.7%). Altogether 61 patients(41.8%)had only one abnormal parameter in the hepatic dysfunction group and the most common abnormal parameter was alkaline phosphatase(ALP)(50.8%). ②Compared with the normal group, hepatic dysfunction group had longer disease duration, higher serum FT3, FT4 and TRAb levels, but there were no significant differences in gender composition, age, thyroid weight, 24 h-131I intake rate, TPOAb, TGAb between the two groups. ③A significantly positive correlation was found between the aspartate aminotransferase and FT3, the ALP and FT3, FT4, the total bilirubin and FT4, the direct bilirubin and FT3, FT4, respectively. Conclusions Hepatic dysfunction in newly diagnosed patients with Graves hyperthyroidism is very common and the most common abnormal parameters include ALT and ALP. The hepatic dysfunction is closely correlated with patients' disease duration, thyroid hormone and TRAb levels.
2013, 37(5): 287-291.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.009
Abstract:
Objective To explore the indications for postmastectomy radiotherapy in early breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive axillary lymph nodes. Methods Ninety-two early breast cancer patients with 1-3 pathologically confirmed positive axillary lymph nodes after radical mastectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Of these patients, 45 received irradiation to the lateral chest wall, internal mammary chain and supraclavicular area. The prognostic index≥4 was considered as high-risk, while < 4 as the low-risk. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Log-rank test was used for the comparison of survival curves between different groups. Results The 5-year survival rates of patients with and without radiotherapy were 93.5% and 86.4%(χ2=3.43, P > 0.05), the 10-year survival rates were 73.0% and 56.8%(χ2=2.82, P > 0.05), the 10-year local recurrence rates were 6.7% and 19.1%(χ2=4.66, P < 0.05). The 10-year survival rates of patients with low risk and high risk without radiotherapy were 73.0% and 56.8%(χ2=3.45, P > 0.05), while the local recurrence rates were 11.0% and 24.0%(χ2=4.64, P < 0.05). The 10-year survival rates of patients with low risk and high risk with radiotherapy were 82.0% and 72.3%(χ2=4.07, P < 0.05), while the local recurrence rates were 11.0% and 5.0%(χ2=5.64, P < 0.05). Conclusion The early breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive axillary lymph nodes after radical mastectomy and the prognostic index suggests "high-risk" should receive irradiation to the chest wall and supraclavicular area.
2013, 37(5): 279-282.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.007
Abstract:
Objective To improve image quality of low dose CT in whole body PET/CT using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) technology. Methods Twice CT scans were performed with GE water model, scan parameters were:120 kV, 120 and 300 mA respectively.In addition, 30 subjects treated with PET/CT were selected randomly, whole body PET/CT were performed after 18F-FDG injection of 3.70 MBq/kg, Sharp IR+time of flight+VUE Point HD technology were used for 1.5 min/bed in PET; CT of spiral scan was performed under 120 kV using automatic exposure control technology (30-210 mA, noise index 25).Model and patients whole body CT images were reconstructed with conventional and 40% ASiR methods respectively, and the CT attenuation value and noise index were measured. Results Research of model and clinical showed that standard deviation of ASiR method in model CT was 33.0% lower than the conventional CT reconstruction method (t=27.76, P < .01), standard deviation of CT in normal tissues (brain, lung, mediastinum, liver and vertebral body) and lesions (brain, lung, mediastinum, liver and vertebral body) reduced by 21.08%(t=23.35, P < 0.01) and 24.43%(t=16.15, P < 0.01) respectively, especially for normal liver tissue and liver lesions, standard deviations of CT were reduced by 51.33%(t=34.21, P < 0.0) and 49.54%(t=15.21, P < 0.01) respectively. Conclusion ASiR reconstruction method was significantly reduced the noise of low dose CT image and improved the quality of CT image in whole body PET/CT, which seems more suitable for quantitative analysis and clinical applications.
2013, 37(5): 292-295.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.010
Abstract:
Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)is a bioactive lipid molecule produced by cyclooxygenase(COX), which plays an important role on hematopoiesis. While it can block differentiation of myeloid progenitors but enhance proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Recent research found that PGE2 have the effects on hematopoietic stem cell(HSC) function and these effects were independent from effects on progenitor cells. Exposure of HSC cells to PGE2 in vitro can increase homing efficiency of HSC to the murine bone marrow compartment and decrease HSC apoptosis, meanwhile increase long-term stem cell engraftment. In-vivo treatment with PGE2 expands short-term HSC and engraftment in murine bone marrow but not long-term HSC. In addition, PGE2 increases HSC survival after radiation injury and enhance hematopoietic recovery, resulting maintains hematopoietic homeostasis. PGE2 regulates HSC homeostasis by reactive oxygen species and Wnt pathway. Clinical beneficial of 16, 16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 treatment to enhance engraftment of umbilical cord blood suggest important improvements to therapeutic strategies.
Prostaglandin E2(PGE2)is a bioactive lipid molecule produced by cyclooxygenase(COX), which plays an important role on hematopoiesis. While it can block differentiation of myeloid progenitors but enhance proliferation of erythroid progenitors. Recent research found that PGE2 have the effects on hematopoietic stem cell(HSC) function and these effects were independent from effects on progenitor cells. Exposure of HSC cells to PGE2 in vitro can increase homing efficiency of HSC to the murine bone marrow compartment and decrease HSC apoptosis, meanwhile increase long-term stem cell engraftment. In-vivo treatment with PGE2 expands short-term HSC and engraftment in murine bone marrow but not long-term HSC. In addition, PGE2 increases HSC survival after radiation injury and enhance hematopoietic recovery, resulting maintains hematopoietic homeostasis. PGE2 regulates HSC homeostasis by reactive oxygen species and Wnt pathway. Clinical beneficial of 16, 16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 treatment to enhance engraftment of umbilical cord blood suggest important improvements to therapeutic strategies.
2013, 37(5): 296-300.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.011
Abstract:
Prostate cancer is a common malignant tumor in male urinary system, and may easyly develope into the hormone refractory prostate cancer which can hardly be cured. Recent studies had found that the prostate cancer stem cells may be the source of the prostate cancer′s occurrence, development, metastasis and recurrence. The therapy targeting the prostate cancer stem cells may be the effective way to cure prostate cancer. But these cells is too low to be detected. The difficulty lies in the low separation efficiency of prostate cancer stem cell, so the effectively separating prostate cancer stem cells occupied the main position for the more in-depth research of prostate cancer stem cells. This paper reviews the research progress and existing problems on the several main separating methods of prostate cancer stem cells, includes the fluorescence activated cells sorting and magnetic activated cells sorting based on prostate cancer stem cell surface markers, the side-population sorting and serum-free medium sphere forming sorting based on prostate cancer stem cell′s biology.
Prostate cancer is a common malignant tumor in male urinary system, and may easyly develope into the hormone refractory prostate cancer which can hardly be cured. Recent studies had found that the prostate cancer stem cells may be the source of the prostate cancer′s occurrence, development, metastasis and recurrence. The therapy targeting the prostate cancer stem cells may be the effective way to cure prostate cancer. But these cells is too low to be detected. The difficulty lies in the low separation efficiency of prostate cancer stem cell, so the effectively separating prostate cancer stem cells occupied the main position for the more in-depth research of prostate cancer stem cells. This paper reviews the research progress and existing problems on the several main separating methods of prostate cancer stem cells, includes the fluorescence activated cells sorting and magnetic activated cells sorting based on prostate cancer stem cell surface markers, the side-population sorting and serum-free medium sphere forming sorting based on prostate cancer stem cell′s biology.
2013, 37(5): 301-305.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.012
Abstract:
Coronary artery calcification score and myocardial perfusion imaging play important role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis of coronary heart disease. With the emerging of fusion imaging, the combination of CACS and MPI provides more information to the physician. Out of consideration for radiological dose, low-dose non-gated CT has been used to quantitate the coronary artery calcification. This review focuses on the clinical application of coronary artery calcification score, myocardial perfusion imaging and the combination.
Coronary artery calcification score and myocardial perfusion imaging play important role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis of coronary heart disease. With the emerging of fusion imaging, the combination of CACS and MPI provides more information to the physician. Out of consideration for radiological dose, low-dose non-gated CT has been used to quantitate the coronary artery calcification. This review focuses on the clinical application of coronary artery calcification score, myocardial perfusion imaging and the combination.
2013, 37(5): 306-308.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.013
Abstract:
Immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)-related disease is a kind of new systemic entity characterized by mass-forming lesions in various organs that consist of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosclerosis with numerous IgG4-positive plasma cells. PET/CT has been widely used in clinical as a whole body examination that earned plenty of successful experience, especially in multiple locations and organs cancer such as lymphoma. PET/CT also has a potential application in IgG4-related diseases as its feature of systemic.
Immunoglobulin G4(IgG4)-related disease is a kind of new systemic entity characterized by mass-forming lesions in various organs that consist of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and fibrosclerosis with numerous IgG4-positive plasma cells. PET/CT has been widely used in clinical as a whole body examination that earned plenty of successful experience, especially in multiple locations and organs cancer such as lymphoma. PET/CT also has a potential application in IgG4-related diseases as its feature of systemic.
2013, 37(5): 309-313.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.014
Abstract:
Radiotherapy is one of the main methods of tumor therapy. The radiosensitivity of tumor is closely related to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins(IAPs)and the second mitochondria-derived activator of Caspase(Smac). IAPs can inhibit apoptosis by binding and inhibiting Caspase-3, 7, 9. High expression of IAPs has been shown to interfere with the efficacy of radiotherapy. Smac, upon apoptotic stimuli, is released into the cytoplasm to inhibit the caspase-binding activity of IAPs. Therapies targeting of IAP proteins may show new perspectives to overcome radioresistance. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies have demonstrated that the combination approach warranted further clinical investigation. Thus, combination protocols using IAPs antagonists together with radiotherapy may pave the avenue to more effective radiation-based treatment options for tumor patients.
Radiotherapy is one of the main methods of tumor therapy. The radiosensitivity of tumor is closely related to inhibitor of apoptosis proteins(IAPs)and the second mitochondria-derived activator of Caspase(Smac). IAPs can inhibit apoptosis by binding and inhibiting Caspase-3, 7, 9. High expression of IAPs has been shown to interfere with the efficacy of radiotherapy. Smac, upon apoptotic stimuli, is released into the cytoplasm to inhibit the caspase-binding activity of IAPs. Therapies targeting of IAP proteins may show new perspectives to overcome radioresistance. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies have demonstrated that the combination approach warranted further clinical investigation. Thus, combination protocols using IAPs antagonists together with radiotherapy may pave the avenue to more effective radiation-based treatment options for tumor patients.
2013, 37(5): 314-321.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.015
Abstract:
Sleep disorders may affect the health and normal life of human badly. However, the pathophysiology underlying adult sleep disorders is still unclear. Functional neuroimaging can be used to investigate whether sleep disorders are associated with specific changes in brain structure or regional activity. This paper reviews functional brain imaging findings in major intrinsic sleep disorders(i.e., idiopathic insomnia, narcolepsy, and obstructive sleep apnea)and in abnormal motor behavior during sleep(i.e., periodic limb movement disorder and REM sleep behavior disorder). Metabolic/functional investigations(positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging)are mainly reviewed, as well as neuroanatomical assessments (voxel-based morphometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Meanwhile, here are some brief introduction of different kinds of sleep disorders.
Sleep disorders may affect the health and normal life of human badly. However, the pathophysiology underlying adult sleep disorders is still unclear. Functional neuroimaging can be used to investigate whether sleep disorders are associated with specific changes in brain structure or regional activity. This paper reviews functional brain imaging findings in major intrinsic sleep disorders(i.e., idiopathic insomnia, narcolepsy, and obstructive sleep apnea)and in abnormal motor behavior during sleep(i.e., periodic limb movement disorder and REM sleep behavior disorder). Metabolic/functional investigations(positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging)are mainly reviewed, as well as neuroanatomical assessments (voxel-based morphometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Meanwhile, here are some brief introduction of different kinds of sleep disorders.
2013, 37(5): 322-325.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2013.05.016
Abstract:
For some materials and biological samples, free radicals can be induced after ionizing radiation. Electron spin resonance(ESR)spectroscopy can detect free radical signal and its intensity can reflect the dose of the ionizing radiation. It is a typical way to estimate the radiation dosimetry by using the ESR spectroscopy of teeth. In recent years, many researchers studied on ESR of easy-getting materials such as finger(toe) nail, hair, cell phone screen, in order to investigate the relationship between signal intensity and radiation dose. The aim of this paper is to survey the current literature about methodologies and the materials on background signal, linearity of dose-response relationship, minimum detection limit and post-irradiation signal stability, so that more data will be provided for nuclear accident dose estimation.
For some materials and biological samples, free radicals can be induced after ionizing radiation. Electron spin resonance(ESR)spectroscopy can detect free radical signal and its intensity can reflect the dose of the ionizing radiation. It is a typical way to estimate the radiation dosimetry by using the ESR spectroscopy of teeth. In recent years, many researchers studied on ESR of easy-getting materials such as finger(toe) nail, hair, cell phone screen, in order to investigate the relationship between signal intensity and radiation dose. The aim of this paper is to survey the current literature about methodologies and the materials on background signal, linearity of dose-response relationship, minimum detection limit and post-irradiation signal stability, so that more data will be provided for nuclear accident dose estimation.
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