2011 Vol. 35, No. 1
Display Method:
2011, 35(1): 1-5.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.001
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Abstract:
18F-FDGis the most common PET-CTimagingagent, which is widelyused in tumor inaging. Absorption and utilization ofglucose can be controlled bymultiple factors, which are involved in the increase in aerobic glycolysis of tumor.The phenomenon of a general increase uptake of FDG in metastatic tumor may indicate that it is necessary.High glucose metabolism is an important sign of cancer because increased glucose metabolism produces acid, which provide the growth environment to cancer cells.It is important to know the principle of FDG metabolism for accurate image diagnosis.This article reviews the progress of relevant molecular mechanism in recent years.The major molecular mechanism of glucose metabolism associated with tumor FDG uptake include glucose transport and hexokinase, mitochondrial defects, c-myc, hypoxia-inducible factor and so on.
18F-FDGis the most common PET-CTimagingagent, which is widelyused in tumor inaging. Absorption and utilization ofglucose can be controlled bymultiple factors, which are involved in the increase in aerobic glycolysis of tumor.The phenomenon of a general increase uptake of FDG in metastatic tumor may indicate that it is necessary.High glucose metabolism is an important sign of cancer because increased glucose metabolism produces acid, which provide the growth environment to cancer cells.It is important to know the principle of FDG metabolism for accurate image diagnosis.This article reviews the progress of relevant molecular mechanism in recent years.The major molecular mechanism of glucose metabolism associated with tumor FDG uptake include glucose transport and hexokinase, mitochondrial defects, c-myc, hypoxia-inducible factor and so on.
2011, 35(1): 5-8.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.002
Abstract:
More and more researchers pay close attention to the treatment of cancer with 125I seeds implantation because of the advantages of little surgical trauma, good curative effect and little radiation damage tonormal tissue.As the clinical studyon 125I seeds killing cancer has been performed profoundly, the correlated experimental study in vitro was carried out gradually.This review will focus on the recent advances in the experimental study and model design on continuous low-dose-rate irradiation by 125I seeds killing cancer cell in vitro.
More and more researchers pay close attention to the treatment of cancer with 125I seeds implantation because of the advantages of little surgical trauma, good curative effect and little radiation damage tonormal tissue.As the clinical studyon 125I seeds killing cancer has been performed profoundly, the correlated experimental study in vitro was carried out gradually.This review will focus on the recent advances in the experimental study and model design on continuous low-dose-rate irradiation by 125I seeds killing cancer cell in vitro.
2011, 35(1): 9-13.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.003
Abstract:
Graves'disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. 131I treatment is one main treatment method for Graves'disease, and being used on an increasing scale in China recently.During the peritherapeutic period, however, the application of other drugs may affect the efficacy of 13I treatment.In this review, the advances of study were summarized on the influence of different drugs on the efficacy of 13I treatment in recent years.
Graves'disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. 131I treatment is one main treatment method for Graves'disease, and being used on an increasing scale in China recently.During the peritherapeutic period, however, the application of other drugs may affect the efficacy of 13I treatment.In this review, the advances of study were summarized on the influence of different drugs on the efficacy of 13I treatment in recent years.
2011, 35(1): 13-16.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.004
Abstract:
Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC)often occurs in head and neck, many patients are treated with surgical operation combined radiation treatment method in clinic.Surgery combined radiation therapy can achieve good local control, especially for those late-stage cancer undlgo patients who cannot undergo surgical resection.Radiation therapy can alleviate local symptoms, retards the growth of tumor. 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphy is an effective treatment method which has the characteristics of minimal damage in normal tissue, accurate positioning in target area and simple operation, and it can be one-time completed.125I seed can be implanted in tumors through the CT, B ultrasonic and image navigation equipment.Application of 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphy treatment in head and neck ACC has achieved good short-term curative effect. Preoperative establishing treatment plan and intraoperative or postoperative quality verification can guarantee the qualityoftreatment and make 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphywork better.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma(ACC)often occurs in head and neck, many patients are treated with surgical operation combined radiation treatment method in clinic.Surgery combined radiation therapy can achieve good local control, especially for those late-stage cancer undlgo patients who cannot undergo surgical resection.Radiation therapy can alleviate local symptoms, retards the growth of tumor. 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphy is an effective treatment method which has the characteristics of minimal damage in normal tissue, accurate positioning in target area and simple operation, and it can be one-time completed.125I seed can be implanted in tumors through the CT, B ultrasonic and image navigation equipment.Application of 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphy treatment in head and neck ACC has achieved good short-term curative effect. Preoperative establishing treatment plan and intraoperative or postoperative quality verification can guarantee the qualityoftreatment and make 125I seed interstitial brachytheraphywork better.
2011, 35(1): 17-19.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.005
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the clinical value of 125I seeds implantation for vertebra metastasis. Methods By CT guide, 125I seeds were implanted in 22 vertebra metastasis of 15 patients.3-6 months later, pain and metastasis biggest diameter were observed to judge therapeutic effect. Results In 22 spinal and paraspinal metastases after implantation of particles, complete remission of pain(0 grade)14, partial remission (Ⅰgrade)6, a slight relief(Ⅱgrade)2, the total effective rate was 90.9%(u=5.41, P < 0.001).Change of spinal and paraspinal metastases size: 4 complete remission, 12 partial response, 6 stable disease, local control rate was 72.7%. Conclusion CT guided 125I seed implantation in vertebra metastasis is safe, minimally invasive, and possesses a high efficacy.
2011, 35(1): 20-23.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.006
Abstract:
Objective To investigate radioactive abnormalities of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)in the bone imaging. Methods Divide 712 diagnosed or suspected NPC patients and other 1036 patients in 99Tcmmethylene diphosphonate bone imaging into 6 groups.Draw ROI of nasal region, and then analysis radioactive counts of ROI. Results Average radioactivity counts of A group were lower than F group(t=3.47, P < 0.01), and B, C and E groups higher than F group.It showed a significantly statistical difference(tA=17.73, tB=4.39, tE= 2.85, P < 0.01).The ratio of the average radioactivity counts per pixel and the background radioactivity counts of B and C groups were significantly higher than F group(t=24.99, t=13.11, P < 0.01). Conclusion Radioactivecounts of nasal part in diagnosed or suspected NPC and other carcinoma of nasal patients and the patients with the history of benign or malignant carcinoma increased significantly.
2011, 35(1): 28-30.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.008
Abstract:
Metastatic spine tumors(MST)can occur in many primary malignant tumors, but X-ray cannot find early metastatic disease; CT scans can not directly show abnormity of the spinal marrow; MRI need a long time, patients with spinal tumors can hardly to be suffered which will affect image quality.Conventional bone scan has the ability to scan the entire skeleton, but the specificity is not high.However, the sensitivity and specificity can be improved about the diagnosis of MST by bone SPECT imaging, the distribution of the anatomical structure or morphology of the metastatic spinal tumors can be clearly displayed.PET-CT could detect the metastases of spine and other parts of the body sensitively and accurately, primary tumors that were unknown before examination could be found at the same time.This paper describes the diagnostic value of radionuclide bone scintigraphy of MST.
Metastatic spine tumors(MST)can occur in many primary malignant tumors, but X-ray cannot find early metastatic disease; CT scans can not directly show abnormity of the spinal marrow; MRI need a long time, patients with spinal tumors can hardly to be suffered which will affect image quality.Conventional bone scan has the ability to scan the entire skeleton, but the specificity is not high.However, the sensitivity and specificity can be improved about the diagnosis of MST by bone SPECT imaging, the distribution of the anatomical structure or morphology of the metastatic spinal tumors can be clearly displayed.PET-CT could detect the metastases of spine and other parts of the body sensitively and accurately, primary tumors that were unknown before examination could be found at the same time.This paper describes the diagnostic value of radionuclide bone scintigraphy of MST.
2011, 35(1): 31-34.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.009
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the clinical significance of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) measured by99Tcm-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid(99Tcm-DTPA)renal dynamic imaging in renal cell carcinoma(RCC)patients before surgery. Methods There were 99 cases of RCC patients, 89 patients undergoing radical nephrectomy(RN)and 10 patients undergoing nephron-sparing surgery(NSS).99Tcm-DTPA renal dynamic imagingwas performed for determiningGFR before surgery.Make a comparison ofGFR between RCC group and control group(normal kidney donors), RN group and NSS group.Make a comparison between GFR and serum creatinine in determining preoperative renal dysfunction of RCC patients.All of the data were analyzed by t-test and χ2-text. Results Compared with contral group, total GFR ofRCC patients was lower, but there was nosignificant difference[(76.4±20.4)ml/min vs.(80.6±17.4)ml/min, t=0.650, P > 0.05)].Nineteen cases(19.2%)of RCC patients had preoperative renal dysfunction(total GFR < 60 ml/min), but only 4 cases performed abnormal serumcreatinine(> 133 μmol/L).There was no significant difference in GFR ofneoplastic kidneys between RN group and NSS group[(34.1±11.7)ml/min vs.(37.9±11.9)ml/min, t=0.975, P > 0.05]. GFR of contralateral kidneys was lower in NSS group than RN group[(32.7±10.3)ml/min vs.(39.6±10.1) ml/min, t=0.044, P < 0.05].The percentage of preoperative renal dysfunction(total GFR < 60 ml/min)in NSS group was significantly higher than in RN group(50.0% vs.15.7%, χ2=6.808, P < 0.01). Conclusion GFR can provide the accurate information ofboth kidneys and single kidney before surgery, and this result possessed animportant significance in choice oftreatments.
2011, 35(1): 34-37.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.010
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the relationship between the level of serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA), pathology grade and bone imaging in diagnosis of bone metastasis in prostatic carcinoma. Methods Serum PSA, whole body bone imaging with99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate, pathology grade in 107 cases of prostatic carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed as to their correlation with bone metastasis. Results Fourty-nine of 107 cases demonstrated bone metastasis by whole body bone imaging.There were significant difference in bone metastasis incidence rate among high differentiation group, middle differentiation group and low differentiation group.The results showed that when PSA < 20 μg/L, the possibility of bone metastasis was extremely low and follow-up studies were reuired.When serum PSA > 20 μg/L, bone metastasis should be considered and bone imaging was necessary. Conclusions There were some relationship among the level of PSA, pathology grade and bone metastasis.The possibility of bone metastasis became high when PSA > 20 μg/L.If PSA > 60 μg/L, a clinical diagnosis of bone metastasis might be made.
2011, 35(1): 38-40.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.011
Abstract:
Objective To compare the characteristics of the distribution of bone metastases in lung cancer, breast cancer and esophageal cancer. Methods SPECT bone imaging of the entire body was performed after the injection of99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate(99Tcm-MDP)in 454 cases.Analyzed the distribution of metastatic bone lesions in upper limbs'middle and distal or the pelvis and lower limbs and the distinction of metastatic bone lesions between different diseases were distinguished. Results Of all the 454 patients, 120 cases showed abnormal radionuclide concentration in the region of upper limbs'middle and distal or the pelvis and lower limbs.One thousand three hundreds and three metastatic bone lesions were found in all the patients[893 were in lung cancer(64.4%), 361 were in breast cancer(27.7%)and 103 were in esophageal cancer(7.9%)].Radioactive uptake in rotor area of femur lesions in these diseases was demonstrated to be of large proportion. Conclusions The result of99Tcm-MDP bone imaging shows that the distribution of the metastatic bone lesions in lung cancer, breast cancer and esophageal cancer vary from place to place.
2011, 35(1): 23-27.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.007
Abstract:
18F-FDG is generally used for tumors’PET, and it is the most and widest useful positron radiopharmaceutical in the clinic.But it does not have enough sensitivity and specificity for some kinds of tumors.11C-acetate has different distribution in body and uptaken mechanism by cell from18F-FDG.Many studies have confirmed that11C-acetate has the potential value to make up the insufficiency of18F-FDG.The researches on11C-acetate PET or PET-CT are reviewed in this paper, including the mechanism, research area and the newest progress.
18F-FDG is generally used for tumors’PET, and it is the most and widest useful positron radiopharmaceutical in the clinic.But it does not have enough sensitivity and specificity for some kinds of tumors.11C-acetate has different distribution in body and uptaken mechanism by cell from18F-FDG.Many studies have confirmed that11C-acetate has the potential value to make up the insufficiency of18F-FDG.The researches on11C-acetate PET or PET-CT are reviewed in this paper, including the mechanism, research area and the newest progress.
2011, 35(1): 41-44.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.012
Abstract:
Objective 18F-16α-17β-fluoroestradiol(18F-FES), an estrogen receptors imaging agent, is synthesized with Tracerlab FXFNsystem. Methods 18F-FES is obtained by two steps reactions, including the nucleophilic displacement reaction of no-carrier-added18F-fluoride with 3-O-methoxymethyl-16, 17-O-sulfuryl-16-epiesteriol, then the intermediate is evaporated and hydrolyzed with HCl and finally gives18F-FES. Results The synthesis of18F-FES can be completed in about 80 min.The radiochemical yield and radio-chemical purity are about 10%and 95%respectively. Conclusion The procedure ofsynthesis is simple and automatical.18FFES has an extremely lowtoxicity, which suggests that18F-FES may be a safe and effective estrogen receptors imagingagent.
2011, 35(1): 44-48.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.013
Abstract:
Radionuclidelabeled nucleic acids and its analogues have played an important role in imaging genetic markers and developing gene-therapy drugs.In this review, the common radiolabelling and imaging methods are recapitulated, and their applications perspective is evaluated.
Radionuclidelabeled nucleic acids and its analogues have played an important role in imaging genetic markers and developing gene-therapy drugs.In this review, the common radiolabelling and imaging methods are recapitulated, and their applications perspective is evaluated.
2011, 35(1): 49-53.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.014
Abstract:
An occupational exposure occurs during the performance of job duties and may place a worker at risk of infection in terms of health or life.In this review the basic concept of occupational exposure and the characteristics of occupational exposure in nuclear medicine practice were introduced at first.And then introduced the global rapid trends in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine modalities applied in medical procedure.The external radiation protection in nuclear medicine practice mainly including time, distance and shielding were emphasized.Moreover, a literature retrospective review was undertaken focusing the hot topics in radiation protection fields, like pregnancy, fetal, PET-CT and radiation low-dose biological effects.
An occupational exposure occurs during the performance of job duties and may place a worker at risk of infection in terms of health or life.In this review the basic concept of occupational exposure and the characteristics of occupational exposure in nuclear medicine practice were introduced at first.And then introduced the global rapid trends in diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine modalities applied in medical procedure.The external radiation protection in nuclear medicine practice mainly including time, distance and shielding were emphasized.Moreover, a literature retrospective review was undertaken focusing the hot topics in radiation protection fields, like pregnancy, fetal, PET-CT and radiation low-dose biological effects.
2011, 35(1): 54-58.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.015
Abstract:
Objective Based on intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) phantom, the impact of CT-to-density conversion curve on dosimetry verification of IMRT is investigated and calibrated. Methods The electron density phantom was used to establish the CT-to-density conversion curve in radiation treatment planning system. IMRT plans of 12 nasopharynx carcinoma patients were chosen, copied to IMRT phantom and computed for the dose distribution. For each plan a measured point was put at the place where the dose was well-distributed and its dose value was measured using the ionization chamber. The physical density of IMRT phantom and its CT value were input into the planning system, to make a calibration for the CT-to-density conversion curve. The dose distribution was recomputed for each IMRT plan. Other parameters were kept the same in the plans and the differences between the computed dose values before and after correction were compared with the measured values. Results In 12 nasopharynx carcinoma IMRT plans, the average error of computed dose values was 1.96% ± 0.87% before correction and 0.63% ± 0.74% after correction, compared with measured values. The error between measured values and computed values after correction was less than ±2% whereas the maximum error of computed values before correction was 3.24%. Conclusions The com-puted dose values are closer to the measured values when using the calibrated CT-to-density conversion curve. The CT density values of IMRT phantom should be verified before usage, so as to increase the accuracy of IMRT dosimetry verification.
2011, 35(1): 59-61.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2011.01.016
Abstract:
Nanogold can be modified by various groups and thus target to tumor cells because of its satisfactory surface property and excellent biological affinity, and as its surface plasmon resonance and strong absorption induced luminescence, nanogold can be used in tumor imaging, what's more, nanogold can transform the light absorbed into localized heat in tumor radiotherapy, which plays a radiosensitization effect, therefor reduces the radiation doses and the damage to normal tissue. This article describes the progression of researching targeted nanogold in tumor imaging and radiotherapy, but the distribution, metabolism and biotoxicity of nanogold in vivo are still not well understood.
Nanogold can be modified by various groups and thus target to tumor cells because of its satisfactory surface property and excellent biological affinity, and as its surface plasmon resonance and strong absorption induced luminescence, nanogold can be used in tumor imaging, what's more, nanogold can transform the light absorbed into localized heat in tumor radiotherapy, which plays a radiosensitization effect, therefor reduces the radiation doses and the damage to normal tissue. This article describes the progression of researching targeted nanogold in tumor imaging and radiotherapy, but the distribution, metabolism and biotoxicity of nanogold in vivo are still not well understood.
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