2006 Vol. 30, No. 5
Display Method:
2006, 30(5): 257-260.
[PDF 452KB]
Abstract:
This paper in the view of the system of regulations and standards for radiological protection in China, explains the generating background, purpose and main contents of the "Regulations for Safety and Protection Against Radioisotopes and Radiation-Emitting Apparatus, People's Republic of China". The new characteristics of the regulations were highlighted in this paper, furthermore, the topic extended to probe into the issues on how to put the regulation into force as well.
This paper in the view of the system of regulations and standards for radiological protection in China, explains the generating background, purpose and main contents of the "Regulations for Safety and Protection Against Radioisotopes and Radiation-Emitting Apparatus, People's Republic of China". The new characteristics of the regulations were highlighted in this paper, furthermore, the topic extended to probe into the issues on how to put the regulation into force as well.
2006, 30(5): 261-263,267.
Abstract:
Objective To detect and observe the different expression and the prognosis relation between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in benign lung disease and primary lung carcinoma. Methods To detect EGFR by immunohistochemical (IHC) ABC method. To test and follow-up survey the changes of EGF in lung cancer patients by radioimmunoassay(RIA). Results The level of EGFR in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) was 88% (80/91), in tissues (3 centimetres nearby tumor) was 64%(58/91), in benign lung disease was 10% (4/39) (t=4.73, P<0.01). The level of EGFR in normal lung tissues (6 centimetres nearby tumor) was 12%(11/91), but these was no significante difference with benign lung disease (t=2.8, P>0.05). EGFR was not tested in NSCLC. Before operation, the level of EGF in lung cancer patients was higher than that of benign lung patients, but it decreased after operation. The EGF in NSCLC with positive EGFR pre-operation was higher than that of negative EGFR, but it decreased post operation, while pre and post-recurrence it increased approaching the pre-operation level. NSCLC patients with positive EGFR, the recurrence rate was 16%, 55%, 70% and 81% a second time 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after operation, while the recurrence rate with negative EGFR was 0, 13%, 37% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions EGFR may play important action in the lung cancer prognosis.
Objective To detect and observe the different expression and the prognosis relation between epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in benign lung disease and primary lung carcinoma. Methods To detect EGFR by immunohistochemical (IHC) ABC method. To test and follow-up survey the changes of EGF in lung cancer patients by radioimmunoassay(RIA). Results The level of EGFR in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) was 88% (80/91), in tissues (3 centimetres nearby tumor) was 64%(58/91), in benign lung disease was 10% (4/39) (t=4.73, P<0.01). The level of EGFR in normal lung tissues (6 centimetres nearby tumor) was 12%(11/91), but these was no significante difference with benign lung disease (t=2.8, P>0.05). EGFR was not tested in NSCLC. Before operation, the level of EGF in lung cancer patients was higher than that of benign lung patients, but it decreased after operation. The EGF in NSCLC with positive EGFR pre-operation was higher than that of negative EGFR, but it decreased post operation, while pre and post-recurrence it increased approaching the pre-operation level. NSCLC patients with positive EGFR, the recurrence rate was 16%, 55%, 70% and 81% a second time 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after operation, while the recurrence rate with negative EGFR was 0, 13%, 37% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions EGFR may play important action in the lung cancer prognosis.
2006, 30(5): 264-267.
Abstract:
Objective To survey the distribution of radionuclide in cell level by frozen sectioning microautoradiogtraphy technique. Methods The article will describe the micro distribution of 131I and 99mTc using autoradiogtraphy and frozen sectioning technique. Results To describe the relationship between argent grain density and nuclide radioactivity a regression curve of 99mTc and 131I was depicted and the R value calculated to be 0.9915 and 0.9963 respectively, The scale coeflqcient of argent grain were 1,59×10-4Bq and 6.48×10-5Bq respectively. Conclusion The distribution of radiomedicament 131I and 99mTc at cellular level is nonunidoem.
Objective To survey the distribution of radionuclide in cell level by frozen sectioning microautoradiogtraphy technique. Methods The article will describe the micro distribution of 131I and 99mTc using autoradiogtraphy and frozen sectioning technique. Results To describe the relationship between argent grain density and nuclide radioactivity a regression curve of 99mTc and 131I was depicted and the R value calculated to be 0.9915 and 0.9963 respectively, The scale coeflqcient of argent grain were 1,59×10-4Bq and 6.48×10-5Bq respectively. Conclusion The distribution of radiomedicament 131I and 99mTc at cellular level is nonunidoem.
2006, 30(5): 268-270.
Abstract:
Suicide gene treatment of tumor catches more and more attention in recent years. Cells transferred with suicide gene from virus or bacteria will express specific enzymes and transform innocuous prodrugs into highly toxic chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result, the cells will be killed. Radionuclide labeled probe can display the biologic characteristics of suicide gene in vivo. This article reviews the development of HSV-tk gene imaging.
Suicide gene treatment of tumor catches more and more attention in recent years. Cells transferred with suicide gene from virus or bacteria will express specific enzymes and transform innocuous prodrugs into highly toxic chemotherapeutic drugs. As a result, the cells will be killed. Radionuclide labeled probe can display the biologic characteristics of suicide gene in vivo. This article reviews the development of HSV-tk gene imaging.
2006, 30(5): 271-274.
Abstract:
11C methylation was very important methods for synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals. It included C-N, C-O, C-S methylation and so on. There are many influence factors for 11C methylation, such as methylation agents, the base of reagents, the polarity of solvent, the obstruct of space. We can adjust the methylation agent or change solvent in order to make one reaction as main reaction when a compound had two activity atoms.
11C methylation was very important methods for synthesis of PET radiopharmaceuticals. It included C-N, C-O, C-S methylation and so on. There are many influence factors for 11C methylation, such as methylation agents, the base of reagents, the polarity of solvent, the obstruct of space. We can adjust the methylation agent or change solvent in order to make one reaction as main reaction when a compound had two activity atoms.
2006, 30(5): 275-280.
Abstract:
X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasonography and scintigraphy are major imaging examining methods in the diagnosis thyroid carcinoma. X-CT:The malignant lesion can be low density with irregular shape and ill-defined margin. It is always used to define the scale of the tumor and the metastasis of lymph node. MRI:On T1-weighted image the signal of malignant lesion is similar with normal thyroid, on T2-weighted image the signal is high intensity. MRS is a feasible technique for the evaluation of malignant thyroid tumors. Uhrasonography:Thyroid carcinoma manifests as a hypoecho nodule with irregular contour, ill-defined margin, microcalcification, without halo. Invasion of adjacent tissue or lymph node metastasis are common. On color Doppler flow imaging intranodular blood flow is valuable. Scintigraphy:The commonly used drug are 131I, 201T1, 99mTc-MIBI, 99mTc(V)-DMSA, 111In-octreotide. PET/CT seems to be helpful in the follow-up of thyroid carcinoma with suspected recurrence and (or) metastases. In this review, recent literatures were reviewed and acomparence was made. Then we found that every method had its advantage as well as its disadvantage, so clinic select proper methods according patient instance.
X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasonography and scintigraphy are major imaging examining methods in the diagnosis thyroid carcinoma. X-CT:The malignant lesion can be low density with irregular shape and ill-defined margin. It is always used to define the scale of the tumor and the metastasis of lymph node. MRI:On T1-weighted image the signal of malignant lesion is similar with normal thyroid, on T2-weighted image the signal is high intensity. MRS is a feasible technique for the evaluation of malignant thyroid tumors. Uhrasonography:Thyroid carcinoma manifests as a hypoecho nodule with irregular contour, ill-defined margin, microcalcification, without halo. Invasion of adjacent tissue or lymph node metastasis are common. On color Doppler flow imaging intranodular blood flow is valuable. Scintigraphy:The commonly used drug are 131I, 201T1, 99mTc-MIBI, 99mTc(V)-DMSA, 111In-octreotide. PET/CT seems to be helpful in the follow-up of thyroid carcinoma with suspected recurrence and (or) metastases. In this review, recent literatures were reviewed and acomparence was made. Then we found that every method had its advantage as well as its disadvantage, so clinic select proper methods according patient instance.
2006, 30(5): 280-282.
Abstract:
SPECT-CT provides functional and anatomical images in the same seaning session which facilitates the understanding of diagnostic information and the charaterization of underlying physiopathology. SPECT-CT can accurately locate the anatomical sites of tracer uptake and improve the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT. SPECT-CT fusion imaging play an important role in many areas such as tumor imaging and non-oncological imaging.
SPECT-CT provides functional and anatomical images in the same seaning session which facilitates the understanding of diagnostic information and the charaterization of underlying physiopathology. SPECT-CT can accurately locate the anatomical sites of tracer uptake and improve the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT. SPECT-CT fusion imaging play an important role in many areas such as tumor imaging and non-oncological imaging.
2006, 30(5): 283-286.
Abstract:
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in old men, positron emission tomography is very valuable in early diagnosing and accurately staging of prostate cancer. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)PET is not sensitive in detection and reliable on staging of prostate cancer, but the uptake of 18F-FDG correlates with the stage of prostate cancer. 11C-choline PET is accurate in diagnosis of prostate cancer, and it is superior to 18F-FDG PET in detection of metastases in lymph nodes and bone. But its short half-life limits the clinic applying in prostate cancer. The uptake of 18F-choline in prostate cancer is similar to 11C-choline, but its excretion in urinary system is much higher than 11C-choline. The other tracers such as 11C-acetate, 11C-methionine and 16β-18F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone are also valuable in diagnosing, staging and evaluating the effect of treatment of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in old men, positron emission tomography is very valuable in early diagnosing and accurately staging of prostate cancer. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)PET is not sensitive in detection and reliable on staging of prostate cancer, but the uptake of 18F-FDG correlates with the stage of prostate cancer. 11C-choline PET is accurate in diagnosis of prostate cancer, and it is superior to 18F-FDG PET in detection of metastases in lymph nodes and bone. But its short half-life limits the clinic applying in prostate cancer. The uptake of 18F-choline in prostate cancer is similar to 11C-choline, but its excretion in urinary system is much higher than 11C-choline. The other tracers such as 11C-acetate, 11C-methionine and 16β-18F-fluoro-5α-dihydrotestosterone are also valuable in diagnosing, staging and evaluating the effect of treatment of prostate cancer.
2006, 30(5): 287-289.
Abstract:
Objective To assess the diagnostic value of 99mTc-sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI)combined with 99mTc-labeled 4,9-diaza-3,3,10,10-tetramethyldodecan-2,11-dione dioxime (99mTc-HL91) hypoxia imaging in primary lung cancer. Methods 60 patients with suspicious lung tumours underwent 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 imaging before operation. The diagnosis were confirmed with pathological study after surgeries. The diagnostic effectiveness of 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 in primary lung cancer were analyzed. Results 48 patients were found primary lung cancer with pathological study, other 12 patients were benign. The sensitivity, speccifity and accuracy obtained with 99mTc-MIBI, 99mTc-HL91 imaging and the combination of two methods were 89.6%(43/48), 77.1%(37/48), 95.8%(46/48); 75.0%(9/12), 91.7%(56/60), 83.3%(10/12) and 86.7%(52/60), 80.0%(48/60), 93.3%(56/60), respectively. Conclusion The combination of 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 hypoxia imaging may increase the the diagnostic effectiveness in primary lung cancer.
Objective To assess the diagnostic value of 99mTc-sestamibi (99mTc-MIBI)combined with 99mTc-labeled 4,9-diaza-3,3,10,10-tetramethyldodecan-2,11-dione dioxime (99mTc-HL91) hypoxia imaging in primary lung cancer. Methods 60 patients with suspicious lung tumours underwent 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 imaging before operation. The diagnosis were confirmed with pathological study after surgeries. The diagnostic effectiveness of 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 in primary lung cancer were analyzed. Results 48 patients were found primary lung cancer with pathological study, other 12 patients were benign. The sensitivity, speccifity and accuracy obtained with 99mTc-MIBI, 99mTc-HL91 imaging and the combination of two methods were 89.6%(43/48), 77.1%(37/48), 95.8%(46/48); 75.0%(9/12), 91.7%(56/60), 83.3%(10/12) and 86.7%(52/60), 80.0%(48/60), 93.3%(56/60), respectively. Conclusion The combination of 99mTc-MIBI and 99mTc-HL91 hypoxia imaging may increase the the diagnostic effectiveness in primary lung cancer.
2006, 30(5): 289-292.
Abstract:
Diuresis renography is one of the classic methods for diagnosing upper urinary tract obstruction in both children and adults. However, in clinical practice, the results of diuresis renography were often influenced by many factors including diuretics, timing of diuretics injection, the slatus of renal function and hydration, the volume and compliance of collecting system, bladder fullness and so on. It is important to consider all the factors affecting diuresis renography during performing and interpreting diuresis renography.
Diuresis renography is one of the classic methods for diagnosing upper urinary tract obstruction in both children and adults. However, in clinical practice, the results of diuresis renography were often influenced by many factors including diuretics, timing of diuretics injection, the slatus of renal function and hydration, the volume and compliance of collecting system, bladder fullness and so on. It is important to consider all the factors affecting diuresis renography during performing and interpreting diuresis renography.
2006, 30(5): 293-295.
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the application of continuous blood purification (CBP) and the effect of the angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ), aldosterone (ALD), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in plasma with refractory heart failure(RHF) treated by CBP. Methods 35 eases with RHF were treated by CBP. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, blood oxygen saturation, blood markers of biochemistry, blood gas analysis, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac function and AnglI, ALD, ANF in plasma were checked before and after treatment. Results The systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, respiration, serum creatinine, blood urea nitroge, Ang Ⅱ, ALD, ANF in plasm after treatment were signifycanfly lower than those before treatment of CBP (P<0.05, P<0.01). The pH, HCO3-, PaO2, LVEF after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment of CBP (P<0.05, P<0.01). The edema of the patients was relieved, and the K+, Na+, Cl- of blood serum were recovered normal after treatment, and cardiac function was recovered(P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion In the patients with RHF, CBP can efficiently treat the water-electrolyte disturbance, keep the acid-base balance, decrease the levels of AngⅡ, ALD, ANF in plasma, clear the inflammatory mediator and improve cardiac function.
Objective To investigate the application of continuous blood purification (CBP) and the effect of the angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ), aldosterone (ALD), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in plasma with refractory heart failure(RHF) treated by CBP. Methods 35 eases with RHF were treated by CBP. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration, blood oxygen saturation, blood markers of biochemistry, blood gas analysis, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac function and AnglI, ALD, ANF in plasma were checked before and after treatment. Results The systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, respiration, serum creatinine, blood urea nitroge, Ang Ⅱ, ALD, ANF in plasm after treatment were signifycanfly lower than those before treatment of CBP (P<0.05, P<0.01). The pH, HCO3-, PaO2, LVEF after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment of CBP (P<0.05, P<0.01). The edema of the patients was relieved, and the K+, Na+, Cl- of blood serum were recovered normal after treatment, and cardiac function was recovered(P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion In the patients with RHF, CBP can efficiently treat the water-electrolyte disturbance, keep the acid-base balance, decrease the levels of AngⅡ, ALD, ANF in plasma, clear the inflammatory mediator and improve cardiac function.
2006, 30(5): 296-297.
Abstract:
Objective Explore the value of polybrene in carcinoembry, onic antigen (CEA) of radioimmunoassay. Methods 26 samples of serum were detection by polyrene and compared with normal test. Results There was not differences between the normal test and ploybrene test. The sensitivity of the assay was 2 μg/L.The linear range was from 0 to 80 μg/L The precision was 3.78 μg/L. The analytical recovery rate was from 96.65% to 101.31%. Conclusion The ploybrene test is simple, rapid and it can be used for normal test in clinic.
Objective Explore the value of polybrene in carcinoembry, onic antigen (CEA) of radioimmunoassay. Methods 26 samples of serum were detection by polyrene and compared with normal test. Results There was not differences between the normal test and ploybrene test. The sensitivity of the assay was 2 μg/L.The linear range was from 0 to 80 μg/L The precision was 3.78 μg/L. The analytical recovery rate was from 96.65% to 101.31%. Conclusion The ploybrene test is simple, rapid and it can be used for normal test in clinic.
2006, 30(5): 298-301.
Abstract:
The study of molecular mechanism of tumor radiosensitizer at home and abroad includes:DNA damage and its repair inhibition, change the oxygen content in tumor cells, control cell cycle, induct cell apoptosis correlative gene and so on. Different radiosensitizing agents play its effort in different ways. The study of molecule mechanism will provide academic basis for discovering new radiosensitizing agents which with higher sensitizing effort.
The study of molecular mechanism of tumor radiosensitizer at home and abroad includes:DNA damage and its repair inhibition, change the oxygen content in tumor cells, control cell cycle, induct cell apoptosis correlative gene and so on. Different radiosensitizing agents play its effort in different ways. The study of molecule mechanism will provide academic basis for discovering new radiosensitizing agents which with higher sensitizing effort.
2006, 30(5): 301-304.
Abstract:
Radiation brain injury is a severe comphcation of the pate tumour after radiotherapy. Review the pathogenesis of radiation brain injury and ion irradiation and the change of immune system then conclude the change of immune system that radiation brain injury can cause.
Radiation brain injury is a severe comphcation of the pate tumour after radiotherapy. Review the pathogenesis of radiation brain injury and ion irradiation and the change of immune system then conclude the change of immune system that radiation brain injury can cause.
2006, 30(5): 304-307.
Abstract:
Radiation-induced lung injury is a well-described complication of nuclear accidents, marrow-transplanted pretreatment, thoracic radiotherapy. Corticosteroid has been routinely employed to reduce the irradiation-induced lung injure, but has been demonstrated only marginal efficacy. Many researchers are addicted to research in this field, several preventions and treatments have been evaluated for their ability to reduce radiation-induced lung injury in animals and humans. Clarifying the research status and assisting the clinic at a certain extent are the aim of this article.
Radiation-induced lung injury is a well-described complication of nuclear accidents, marrow-transplanted pretreatment, thoracic radiotherapy. Corticosteroid has been routinely employed to reduce the irradiation-induced lung injure, but has been demonstrated only marginal efficacy. Many researchers are addicted to research in this field, several preventions and treatments have been evaluated for their ability to reduce radiation-induced lung injury in animals and humans. Clarifying the research status and assisting the clinic at a certain extent are the aim of this article.
2006, 30(5): 308-311.
Abstract:
Brain radiation injury is a severe complication of radiation therapy for cancer. A major dilemma in the diagnosis of radiation injury is differentiating it from recurrent tumor. MR diffusion-weighted imaging, MR spectroscopy, PET and SPECT have all been used in an attempt to differentiate the two. But none of them shows the best diagnosis sensitivity or specificity. Biopsy and histology may be considered the ultimate diagnosis tests.
Brain radiation injury is a severe complication of radiation therapy for cancer. A major dilemma in the diagnosis of radiation injury is differentiating it from recurrent tumor. MR diffusion-weighted imaging, MR spectroscopy, PET and SPECT have all been used in an attempt to differentiate the two. But none of them shows the best diagnosis sensitivity or specificity. Biopsy and histology may be considered the ultimate diagnosis tests.
2006, 30(5): 312-314.
Abstract:
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) are dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are internalized into a variety of cells, among which are mainly cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Owing to the presence of iron, they produce a susceptibility effect that is observable on T2- and T2*-weighted MR images as low signal intensity, Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model. T cells and macrophages play an important role in disease initiation and progression in MS and EAE. They are involved in different phases of disease, MRI with USPIO can monitor inflammation in MS and EAE in vivo. This MRI technique has great importance in monitoring 6isease relapse, development, and therapeutic effect.
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) are dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are internalized into a variety of cells, among which are mainly cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. Owing to the presence of iron, they produce a susceptibility effect that is observable on T2- and T2*-weighted MR images as low signal intensity, Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model. T cells and macrophages play an important role in disease initiation and progression in MS and EAE. They are involved in different phases of disease, MRI with USPIO can monitor inflammation in MS and EAE in vivo. This MRI technique has great importance in monitoring 6isease relapse, development, and therapeutic effect.
2006, 30(5): 315-317.
Abstract:
Objective To study the early imaging signs of aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults. Methods The X-ray plain films and CT scans of 80 cases with this condition were analyzed. Results There were 40 hip joints with the femoral head normal in shape, including 49 femoral heads with only high-density sclerosis and 26 ones with high-density and low-density areas. Air-filled cysts appeared in 12 femoral heads. In the other 40 hip joints, the femoral heads were depressed and manifested purely highdensity sclerosis in 8 and mixed-density areas in 63. Air-filled cysts appeared in 22 femoral heads. Conclusions Purely high-density sclerosis and air density in the femoral heads are the early signs of aseptic ostenecrosis of the femoral head. The special CT signs are of great diagnostic value and can provide more information for the surgeons.
Objective To study the early imaging signs of aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in adults. Methods The X-ray plain films and CT scans of 80 cases with this condition were analyzed. Results There were 40 hip joints with the femoral head normal in shape, including 49 femoral heads with only high-density sclerosis and 26 ones with high-density and low-density areas. Air-filled cysts appeared in 12 femoral heads. In the other 40 hip joints, the femoral heads were depressed and manifested purely highdensity sclerosis in 8 and mixed-density areas in 63. Air-filled cysts appeared in 22 femoral heads. Conclusions Purely high-density sclerosis and air density in the femoral heads are the early signs of aseptic ostenecrosis of the femoral head. The special CT signs are of great diagnostic value and can provide more information for the surgeons.
2006, 30(5): 317-320.
Abstract:
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a technology for measuring response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli is conducted on biofluids (e.g. urine or blood), cell supernatants or tissue samples and can be regarded as an effective and non-invasively metabolic analysis method. In this review, it is shown how the technique of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be applied to physiological evaluation, drug safety assessment and disease diagnosis and its assessment of the possible future role is also presented.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a technology for measuring response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli is conducted on biofluids (e.g. urine or blood), cell supernatants or tissue samples and can be regarded as an effective and non-invasively metabolic analysis method. In this review, it is shown how the technique of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be applied to physiological evaluation, drug safety assessment and disease diagnosis and its assessment of the possible future role is also presented.
Submit
Author Login
Referees
Editor-in-Chief
Editor Center
Email alert
RSS
