Abstract: Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common histopathological type of lung cancer, accounting for about 85%−90% of lung cancer. At present, surgical resection is the first choice for NSCLC, but there are still some patients who are not suitable for surgery or refuse surgery because of various reasons. Therefore, the local treatment for this kind of NSCLC patients has become the research hotspot. High-dose-rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) is a new modality for the treatment of NSCLC, has good efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC. By analyzing the existing HDR-BT literature at home and abroad, the authors review the safety and efficacy of HDR-BT in the treatment of NSCLC as well as its similarities and differences with other local therapeutic modalities such as stereotactic body radiation therapy, radio frequency ablation and ¹²⁵I seed implantation by analyzing the existing relevant literature on HDR-BT at home and abroad.