Abstract: Double-strand breaks (DSB) are the most deleterious form of DNA damage after ionizing radiation, the response of the brain tissue to DNA damage is related to the developmental dynamics of this system. Homology recombination is particularly important for proliferating cells, while non-homologous end joining is critical for differentiating cells. Defects in the related factors to DNA damage pathway underpin many human genopathy with neuropathology. Reviewed the signal conduction system involved in the DNA DSB response and human neuropathology genopathy related to DNA DSB factors deficiencies in the brain cells.