Abstract: The acute radiation syndrome (ARS) is hard to be, overcome as the hot medical problem. This article presents the recent advances in the treatment:(1) The amifostin(WR-2721) be mechanism and earlier periods of the cell protection to apply may interrupt organize harm. (2) New directions for therapy are stressed, using cytokines to enhance recovery of hematopoiesis and immune reconstitution. (3) The article presents guidelines for the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the importance treatment meaning to the ARS. (4) Indications of preemptive therapy of fungal infection in patients are described.