Abstract: Acute radiation injury as well as radiotherapy and chemotherapy of tumor can lead to different extents of bone marrow aplasia. Some cytokines play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation by stimulating types of target cells which are at different stages, so that they can protect hematopoietic cells from radiation and improve hematopoiesis. With the development of gene engineering technology, more and more high purity recombinant hematopoietic factors can be caquired, which is vital in the experimental research and clinical therapy of acute radiation injury. Meanwhile, further researches are required to solve the problems in cytokine-based therapy.