Abstract: Biological dosimetry indicators play important roles in the dose estimation of irradiated personnel in nuclear accident and in the study of radiation biological effects. However, chromosome aberration analysis cannot satisfy the requirements of mass rapid detection. Therefore, determining fast, simple, and high-throughput biodosimetry indicators has become a hot spot in radiobiology. With the rapid development in molecular biology technology and theory, the radiation effects of biological macromolecules have been studied extensively. The biological dosimetry of molecular biological level is mainly focused on the DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, that is, the changes in gene expression and protein levels. This paper reviews the recent advances in biodosimetry at molecular biological level.