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大部分分化型甲状腺癌的残留组织及转移灶均有摄取131I的功能,因此,分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像有助于分析病情和评价疗效,进而指导下一步治疗方案的制定[1]。异常131I浓聚灶往往提示体内存在甲状腺癌的残留组织或转移灶,但首先需要排除假阳性131I摄取。近年来假阳性131I摄取时有报道,正确认识这些假阳性情况有助于避免对患者不必要的治疗。根据131I潜在的摄取机制,将假阳性131I摄取情况分为4类,具体如下。
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炎症性病变可以摄取131I,如慢性胆囊炎[20]、皮脂腺炎、毛囊炎、非活动期的肺结核、类风湿性关节炎相关性肺疾病、支气管扩张[21-22]、慢性细支气管炎[23]、肺部感染、慢性鼻窦炎、牙龈炎、唾液腺炎、泪囊炎[24]、肺慢性炎症伴纤维化[25-26]、自体骨移植[27]、疫苗接种部位过敏反应性炎症[28]等。炎症性病变摄取131I的机制:可能是131I被炎症部位的白细胞有机化或吞噬131I标记的蛋白而储存在炎症部位,使得炎症病灶显影;也可能是炎症局部血管通透性增加,使131I渗出血管外而聚集于炎症部位。慢性胆囊炎浓聚131I,与胆囊收缩功能减低使得含有131I的胆汁淤积有关[11, 20]。
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囊肿可以摄取131I,如胸膜心包囊肿[21]、肝囊肿[26]、乳腺囊肿、支气管囊肿[29]、肾囊肿[30-31]、卵巢囊肿[32]、子宫颈纳氏囊肿[18, 33]、上皮样囊肿[34]、骨囊肿[35]等。囊肿摄取131I的机制:131I通过被动扩散和部分主动运输进入囊肿,由于囊肿中的水和化学成分与周围细胞和(或)血管外环境之间的交换缓慢,因此滞留在囊肿中。如肾囊肿系131I经肾小管主动分泌或经肾窦淋巴系统弥散入囊肿所致[29, 31]。
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不同病理类型的良性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取时有报道,但其摄取机制不完全清楚,来源于唾液腺、乳腺、卵巢的良性肿瘤,其假阳性131I摄取机制可能是由于表达功能性NIS蛋白;某些血管瘤的假阳性131I摄取可能由于血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出。具体病理类型及摄取机制见表 1。
病理类型 摄碘机制 参考文献 头颈部 脑膜瘤 脑水肿或血供丰富 [36] 海绵状血管瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富 [37] 腮腺嗜酸性腺瘤 血供增加、毛细血管通透性增加和131I的主动运输 [38] 沃辛瘤(Warthin′s tumor) 唾液腺的主动运输 [39] 胸部 乳腺纤维腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [26] 胸膜囊性间皮瘤 131I的主动扩散和滞留 [40] 盆腹部 肝血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留 [41] 脾血管瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血管内血池 [11] 腹部神经鞘瘤 机制不清 [11] 子宫肌瘤 机制不清 [33] 卵巢甲状腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [42] 卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留 [43] 卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留 [44-45] 卵巢畸胎瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [42] 骨骼 鼻骨骨样骨瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富 [46] 颅骨血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出 [47] 椎体血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留 [11] 注:表中,NIS:钠碘同向转运体。 表 1 非来源于甲状腺的良性肿瘤及其摄碘机制
Table 1. Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal benign neoplasms and the mechanisms
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非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取也有报道,包括原发性肿瘤和转移灶,主要涉及胸部、盆腹部和骨骼。非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取机制:某些肿瘤细胞表达NIS蛋白,具有摄碘功能;另一个可能原因是肿瘤继发炎症反应。具体病理类型见表 2。
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一些创伤可以引起假阳性131I摄取,例如:硬膜下血肿[58]、气管切开处、腋窝淋巴结清扫后[2]、胸壁穿刺活检处[59]、皮肤表面结痂处[49]等。目前认为在创伤处出现假阳性131I摄取的机制有两种:一种观点认为来源于创伤后炎性反应,与血管舒张、血流增加及毛细血管渗透性增加有关;另一种观点认为白细胞能通过髓过氧化酶诱导131I的有机化,使得131I在白细胞中停留,血凝块因含有丰富的白细胞而产生假阳性[60]。
分化型甲状腺癌131I显像假阳性的原因分析
Analysis of the false positive findings on 131I whole-body scan in differentiated thyroid cancer
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摘要: 分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像及SPECT显像对于判定病情、决定下一步治疗方案具有重要意义。然而,显像有时会出现假阳性结果,即异常浓聚灶并不是残留的甲状腺组织或甲状腺癌转移灶。系统全面地了解这些假阳性分布及原因有助于图像的准确判读,更可避免患者后续不必要或过大剂量的131I治疗。笔者就分化型甲状腺癌131I全身显像假阳性情况分布、特点及其可能的机制展开综述。
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关键词:
- 分化型甲状腺癌 /
- 碘放射性同位素 /
- 全身显像 /
- 体层摄影术, 发射型计算机, 单光子 /
- 假阳性
Abstract: 131I whole-body scan and SPECT imaging in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer can provide information regarding metastasis and prognosis, and assist in treatment planning. However, false positive uptake, which is not residual thyroid tissue or metastases, is sometimes encountered. Unless recognized as a false positive, 131I uptake may result in diagnostic error and lead to administration of an unnecessary therapeutic dose. This review discussed various possibilities of false positive uptake on 131I whole-body scan, as well as the underlying causes and mechanisms. -
表 1 非来源于甲状腺的良性肿瘤及其摄碘机制
Table 1. Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal benign neoplasms and the mechanisms
病理类型 摄碘机制 参考文献 头颈部 脑膜瘤 脑水肿或血供丰富 [36] 海绵状血管瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富 [37] 腮腺嗜酸性腺瘤 血供增加、毛细血管通透性增加和131I的主动运输 [38] 沃辛瘤(Warthin′s tumor) 唾液腺的主动运输 [39] 胸部 乳腺纤维腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [26] 胸膜囊性间皮瘤 131I的主动扩散和滞留 [40] 盆腹部 肝血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留 [41] 脾血管瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血管内血池 [11] 腹部神经鞘瘤 机制不清 [11] 子宫肌瘤 机制不清 [33] 卵巢甲状腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [42] 卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留 [43] 卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留 [44-45] 卵巢畸胎瘤 表达功能性NIS蛋白 [42] 骨骼 鼻骨骨样骨瘤 机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富 [46] 颅骨血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出 [47] 椎体血管瘤 血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留 [11] 注:表中,NIS:钠碘同向转运体。 -
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