分化型甲状腺癌131I显像假阳性的原因分析

南楠 朱小华

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分化型甲状腺癌131I显像假阳性的原因分析

    通讯作者: 朱小华, evazhu@vip.sina.com
  • 基金项目:

    国家自然科学基金面上项目 81271600

    国家自然科学基金面上项目 81671718

    湖北省自然科学基金面上项目 2016CFB687

Analysis of the false positive findings on 131I whole-body scan in differentiated thyroid cancer

    Corresponding author: Xiaohua Zhu, evazhu@vip.sina.com
  • Fund Project: National Natural Science Foundation of China 81271600National Natural Science Foundation of China 81671718Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province 2016CFB687

  • 摘要: 分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像及SPECT显像对于判定病情、决定下一步治疗方案具有重要意义。然而,显像有时会出现假阳性结果,即异常浓聚灶并不是残留的甲状腺组织或甲状腺癌转移灶。系统全面地了解这些假阳性分布及原因有助于图像的准确判读,更可避免患者后续不必要或过大剂量的131I治疗。笔者就分化型甲状腺癌131I全身显像假阳性情况分布、特点及其可能的机制展开综述。
  • 表 1  非来源于甲状腺的良性肿瘤及其摄碘机制

    Table 1.  Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal benign neoplasms and the mechanisms

    病理类型摄碘机制参考文献
    头颈部
      脑膜瘤脑水肿或血供丰富[36]
      海绵状血管瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富[37]
      腮腺嗜酸性腺瘤血供增加、毛细血管通透性增加和131I的主动运输[38]
      沃辛瘤(Warthin′s tumor)唾液腺的主动运输[39]
    胸部
      乳腺纤维腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[26]
      胸膜囊性间皮瘤131I的主动扩散和滞留[40]
    盆腹部
      肝血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留[41]
      脾血管瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血管内血池[11]
      腹部神经鞘瘤机制不清[11]
      子宫肌瘤机制不清[33]
      卵巢甲状腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[42]
      卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留[43]
      卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留[44-45]
      卵巢畸胎瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[42]
    骨骼
      鼻骨骨样骨瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富[46]
      颅骨血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出[47]
      椎体血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留[11]
    注:表中,NIS:钠碘同向转运体。
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤

    Table 2.  Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal malignant neoplasms

    病理类型参考文献
    头部
      腮腺黏液表皮样癌[48]
    胸部
      原发性肺癌[11, 49]
      肺转移癌
      宫颈癌[50]
      卵巢甲状腺肿[51]
      乳腺癌[11]
    盆腹部
      胃腺癌[11]
      胆囊癌[52]
      卵巢甲状腺肿肝转移[53]
      卵巢甲状腺肿腹膜后转移[54]
      腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤[55]
      腹膜后平滑肌肉瘤[56]
      恶性卵巢甲状腺肿[42]
    骨骼
      肺腺癌骨转移[49]
      消化系统肿瘤骨转移[57]
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • [1] 钞卫光张晶陆克义 . 分化型甲状腺癌腹盆部131I显像假阳性分析. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2017, 41(5): 370-373. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2017.05.012
    [2] 张晶钞卫光陆克义 . 分化型甲状腺癌胸部131I显像假阳性分析. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2018, 42(1): 80-83. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2018.01.015
    [3] 任庆余张延华孟庆乐吴兴 . DTC清甲治疗后诊断性131I SPECT/CT全身显像中的辐射剂量分析. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2023, 47(12): 733-737. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121381-202303007-00373
    [4] 孔维静徐颖 . 综合干预措施下评估首次131I清甲治疗对分化型甲状腺癌患者唾液腺的慢性损伤. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2018, 42(1): 30-35. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2018.01.006
    [5] 陈可靖 . 甲状腺癌131I显像假阳性的分析及鉴别诊断. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2000, 24(1): 11-14.
    [6] 康婉红魏玲格解朋 . 从病因学角度分析分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像假阳性的原因. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2022, 46(2): 103-106. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121381-202102012-00147
    [7] 武含露闫志华李祥周陈伟娜贾静崔丽萍叶垚杉刘阳韩星敏程兵 . 分化型甲状腺癌患者131I治疗后诊断性全身显像周围剂量当量率动态变化的研究. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2020, 44(4): 212-216. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121381-201907038-00023
    [8] 王玥祺黄蕤李林 . 分化型甲状腺癌术后131I治疗及诊断性显像前提高TSH水平的方案及其影响. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2020, 44(1): 59-64. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2020.01.012
    [9] 李娇韩娜李凤岐卢承慧杨雪林岩松王叙馥 . 肺转移性分化型甲状腺癌术后131I治疗疗效及其影响因素的分析. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2022, 46(7): 405-411. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121381-202203031-00204
    [10] 王钰向镛兆刘斌 . 治疗活度131I SPECT/CT显像对分化型甲状腺癌患者诊断增益价值的研究. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2022, 46(10): 592-598. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121381-202110002-00223
    [11] 丁颖李文亮李强李德宇张富强丁献敏王丽君陈鸿彪贾建敏杨辉 . 分化型甲状腺癌术后首次血清刺激性Tg水平对远处转移的预测价值. 国际放射医学核医学杂志, 2019, 43(4): 308-313. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2019.04.003
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  • 收稿日期:  2017-11-03
  • 刊出日期:  2018-01-25

分化型甲状腺癌131I显像假阳性的原因分析

    通讯作者: 朱小华, evazhu@vip.sina.com
  • 430030 武汉, 华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院核医学科
基金项目:  国家自然科学基金面上项目 81271600国家自然科学基金面上项目 81671718湖北省自然科学基金面上项目 2016CFB687

摘要: 分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像及SPECT显像对于判定病情、决定下一步治疗方案具有重要意义。然而,显像有时会出现假阳性结果,即异常浓聚灶并不是残留的甲状腺组织或甲状腺癌转移灶。系统全面地了解这些假阳性分布及原因有助于图像的准确判读,更可避免患者后续不必要或过大剂量的131I治疗。笔者就分化型甲状腺癌131I全身显像假阳性情况分布、特点及其可能的机制展开综述。

English Abstract

  • 大部分分化型甲状腺癌的残留组织及转移灶均有摄取131I的功能,因此,分化型甲状腺癌患者131I全身显像有助于分析病情和评价疗效,进而指导下一步治疗方案的制定[1]。异常131I浓聚灶往往提示体内存在甲状腺癌的残留组织或转移灶,但首先需要排除假阳性131I摄取。近年来假阳性131I摄取时有报道,正确认识这些假阳性情况有助于避免对患者不必要的治疗。根据131I潜在的摄取机制,将假阳性131I摄取情况分为4类,具体如下。

    • 假阳性131I摄取在鼻部表现为热鼻征,即鼻子出现131I浓聚。鼻咽部摄取131I与其黏膜内的钠碘同向转运体(sodium iodide symporter,NIS)蛋白相关,之后黏膜分泌物排入鼻腔使鼻部显影。131I也可被泪腺摄取,并随泪液排出[2]。在唾液腺也有131I的正常浓聚,包括腮腺、颌下腺和舌下腺,并被分泌到口咽。放射性多为对称性分布[3]131I在头面部浓聚的生理机制:鼻黏膜、泪腺及唾液腺含有针对NIS的mRNA,可表达NIS蛋白,进而使得131I在其中浓聚[4]

    • 假阳性131I摄取在哺乳期前后的妇女中多见,非哺乳期乳腺也可摄取,多呈弥漫性、对称性放射性分布增高[2]。对于单侧乳腺显像,平面影像上可能会被误认为是肺转移,如经常使用某一侧乳房哺乳会导致该侧的131I摄取增加,应注意询问哺乳史和哺乳习惯。131I在乳腺浓聚的生理机制:哺乳期的乳腺腺上皮细胞含有NIS,具有很强的摄131I能力,使得131I可以逆浓度梯度从血液中转运至乳腺而使乳腺显影,且可通过乳汁排出。非哺乳期的乳腺摄碘机制不清[5]

    • 假阳性131I摄取在胸腺的发生率较低,主要表现为纵隔部位弥漫性、哑铃状或箭头状放射性摄取;131I SPECT/CT融合显像提示浓聚灶的位置位于胸腺;CT以胸腺增大为主要表现。特点:蓄积部位在纵隔;多数系在服用治疗剂量131I后出现;随治疗次数的增加胸腺蓄积也越明显。这与纵隔转移灶不同,纵隔转移灶随治疗次数的增加,病变部位摄取131I的能力逐渐减低[6]131I在胸腺浓聚的生理机制:有研究者认为,在细胞水平上,131I能积聚于胸腺小体(Hassall小体)退化所形成的滤泡样结构中[7],这点已被放射自显影技术证实;在分子水平上,发现胸腺组织中有与NIS蛋白相似的人钠碘共聚体(human sodium iodide symporter,hNIS)蛋白,只是hNIS对131I的亲和力较低,所以胸腺摄取往往发生在131I治疗后全身显像后3 d以上的延迟显像中;由于胸腺摄碘能力弱于甲状腺组织,随着131I治疗后与其竞争的残余甲状腺及转移灶的减少,胸腺摄取更加明显[8]

    • 肺部生理性摄取131I少见报道,李镜发等[9]及罗全勇等[10]曾报道了双肺弥漫性摄取,结合血清甲状腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)水平、X线胸片及CT检查,考虑为生理性摄取。肺部摄取131I的机制不清,可能与131I被肺泡上皮细胞摄取有关。罗全勇等[10]认为,由于131I扫描可以检出X线胸片、CT等检查尚不能发现的微小转移灶,因此当胸片及CT无异常时,结合血清Tg水平评估是否有转移十分重要,如果Tg水平接近零,则转移的可能极小;如果Tg水平较之前有所升高,则应该密切随访。

    • 假阳性131I摄取在肝脏中较普遍,在高达80%的患者中可见假阳性131I摄取,图像表现为弥漫性、均质性和低强度摄取。131I剂量越高,给药与显像的时间间隔越长,肝脏放射活性摄取的频率和强度就越高。另外,有残留正常甲状腺或功能性转移灶存在时,肝脏也容易显影。131I在肝脏浓聚的生理机制:体内形成的放射性甲状腺激素及其他标记蛋白为肝脏代谢,常在肝内蓄积[3, 11]

    • 胆囊和胆管中的假阳性131I摄取少见报道。Seok等[12]和Carlisle等[13]分别报道了胆囊和胆管的假阳性摄取,均未见病理性异常征象,考虑为生理性摄取,具体机制不清。

    • 131I可经胃黏膜摄取至全身。大量饮水可减少131I在胃部的残留,同时胃液进入肠道,导致肠道显影,多见于结肠部位。显像时间越早胃肠道显影的几率越大。便秘患者因其胃肠蠕动较慢也易显影。胃肠道显影可能源于以下几种因素:吞咽的放射性唾液、胃黏膜的放射性分泌和肝内脱碘并经胆道排泌的甲状腺素[4, 14]。异位的胃黏膜(Meckel憩室、食管切除后或胸内胃食管吻合术后)[2]也可摄取131I。

    • 尿液是131I排泄的主要途径,因此膀胱浓聚131I很常见。其影像形状及强度多变,是全身扫描放射性最高的部位,尤其是在24~48 h。所以扫描前应鼓励患者排空膀胱[14]

    • 异位甲状腺也会出现131I的浓聚,其摄碘机制与颈部正常甲状腺相同。异位甲状腺可发生于舌下、胸腔、卵巢等部位,常见的是甲状腺舌管部位的异位甲状腺[15-16]。另有手术致甲状腺组织异位显影的情况,系经腋下入路的内镜甲状腺切除术使得甲状腺组织碎片播散所致[17]

    • 子宫中的假阳性131I摄取少见报道。月经期女性子宫可出现131I假阳性摄取[18]。Nishiyama等[19]报道了一例妊娠囊摄取131I的病例,其机制可能为131I从母体向胎儿运输及胎盘表达NIS蛋白。

    • 炎症性病变可以摄取131I,如慢性胆囊炎[20]、皮脂腺炎、毛囊炎、非活动期的肺结核、类风湿性关节炎相关性肺疾病、支气管扩张[21-22]、慢性细支气管炎[23]、肺部感染、慢性鼻窦炎、牙龈炎、唾液腺炎、泪囊炎[24]、肺慢性炎症伴纤维化[25-26]、自体骨移植[27]、疫苗接种部位过敏反应性炎症[28]等。炎症性病变摄取131I的机制:可能是131I被炎症部位的白细胞有机化或吞噬131I标记的蛋白而储存在炎症部位,使得炎症病灶显影;也可能是炎症局部血管通透性增加,使131I渗出血管外而聚集于炎症部位。慢性胆囊炎浓聚131I,与胆囊收缩功能减低使得含有131I的胆汁淤积有关[11, 20]

    • 囊肿可以摄取131I,如胸膜心包囊肿[21]、肝囊肿[26]、乳腺囊肿、支气管囊肿[29]、肾囊肿[30-31]、卵巢囊肿[32]、子宫颈纳氏囊肿[18, 33]、上皮样囊肿[34]、骨囊肿[35]等。囊肿摄取131I的机制:131I通过被动扩散和部分主动运输进入囊肿,由于囊肿中的水和化学成分与周围细胞和(或)血管外环境之间的交换缓慢,因此滞留在囊肿中。如肾囊肿系131I经肾小管主动分泌或经肾窦淋巴系统弥散入囊肿所致[29, 31]

    • 不同病理类型的良性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取时有报道,但其摄取机制不完全清楚,来源于唾液腺、乳腺、卵巢的良性肿瘤,其假阳性131I摄取机制可能是由于表达功能性NIS蛋白;某些血管瘤的假阳性131I摄取可能由于血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出。具体病理类型及摄取机制见表 1

      病理类型摄碘机制参考文献
      头颈部
        脑膜瘤脑水肿或血供丰富[36]
        海绵状血管瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富[37]
        腮腺嗜酸性腺瘤血供增加、毛细血管通透性增加和131I的主动运输[38]
        沃辛瘤(Warthin′s tumor)唾液腺的主动运输[39]
      胸部
        乳腺纤维腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[26]
        胸膜囊性间皮瘤131I的主动扩散和滞留[40]
      盆腹部
        肝血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留[41]
        脾血管瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血管内血池[11]
        腹部神经鞘瘤机制不清[11]
        子宫肌瘤机制不清[33]
        卵巢甲状腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[42]
        卵巢黏液性囊腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留[43]
        卵巢浆液性囊腺瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白以及体液潴留[44-45]
        卵巢畸胎瘤表达功能性NIS蛋白[42]
      骨骼
        鼻骨骨样骨瘤机制不清, 可能是因为血供丰富[46]
        颅骨血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出[47]
        椎体血管瘤血管内血池和131I经毛细血管漏出及间质内滞留[11]
      注:表中,NIS:钠碘同向转运体。

      表 1  非来源于甲状腺的良性肿瘤及其摄碘机制

      Table 1.  Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal benign neoplasms and the mechanisms

    • 非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取也有报道,包括原发性肿瘤和转移灶,主要涉及胸部、盆腹部和骨骼。非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤假阳性131I摄取机制:某些肿瘤细胞表达NIS蛋白,具有摄碘功能;另一个可能原因是肿瘤继发炎症反应。具体病理类型见表 2

      病理类型参考文献
      头部
        腮腺黏液表皮样癌[48]
      胸部
        原发性肺癌[11, 49]
        肺转移癌
        宫颈癌[50]
        卵巢甲状腺肿[51]
        乳腺癌[11]
      盆腹部
        胃腺癌[11]
        胆囊癌[52]
        卵巢甲状腺肿肝转移[53]
        卵巢甲状腺肿腹膜后转移[54]
        腹膜后恶性纤维组织细胞瘤[55]
        腹膜后平滑肌肉瘤[56]
        恶性卵巢甲状腺肿[42]
      骨骼
        肺腺癌骨转移[49]
        消化系统肿瘤骨转移[57]

      表 2  非来源于甲状腺的恶性肿瘤

      Table 2.  Radioiodine uptake in non-thyroidal malignant neoplasms

    • 一些创伤可以引起假阳性131I摄取,例如:硬膜下血肿[58]、气管切开处、腋窝淋巴结清扫后[2]、胸壁穿刺活检处[59]、皮肤表面结痂处[49]等。目前认为在创伤处出现假阳性131I摄取的机制有两种:一种观点认为来源于创伤后炎性反应,与血管舒张、血流增加及毛细血管渗透性增加有关;另一种观点认为白细胞能通过髓过氧化酶诱导131I的有机化,使得131I在白细胞中停留,血凝块因含有丰富的白细胞而产生假阳性[60]

    • 由于体液内含有131I,机体存在漏出或渗出液时,积液部位也会聚集131I,例如:颞下颌关节积液[61]、腹水、心包积液、胸腔积液[2, 11, 62]等。

    • 胃肠道异常,例如Zenker’s憩室、膈上食管憩室、食管裂孔疝、贲门失弛缓症[5]、肠扭转[63]、腹股沟疝[2]等,可使131I滞留。胆道异常,如肝内胆管扩张[11],可使131I在肝内滞留。尿道异常,例如憩室、瘘管、积水,使得131I排泄迟缓[64]。血管扩张使血流速度减慢从而使得血池显影,例如颈动脉扩张[5]、胸主动脉扩张[65]及大隐静脉曲张[24]。处女膜闭锁导致经血滞留在阴道内,可出现盆腔内131I异常浓聚[66]

    • 一些化学材料如金属(带正电子可与碘离子相互作用)、硅胶(具有亲水性)可以吸附131I,当体内存在含有这些材料的物质时,就会使131I滞留而显影,如金属假牙[67]、颅骨术后金属缝线[68]、宫内节育器[49]及隆胸术后假体等[69]。宫内节育器的摄取原因不清,也可能与节育器长期刺激引起宫腔慢性炎症反应有关。

    • 分泌物的污染也是假阳性131I摄取的原因之一,例如:唾液、鼻部分泌物、泪液、汗液等[5, 24]。分泌物污染的原因往往与一些不良生活习惯有关,采集图像前的患者准备有助于减少此类假阳性131I摄取。污染大多是体表的,使用侧位和斜位可以帮助鉴别。

      总之,131I全身显像假阳性的发生率虽较低,但情况多种多样,常给诊断带来困难。判读图像时需考虑到这些假阳性的情况,密切结合患者的临床症状、体征、血清Tg水平以及其他影像学检查结果,以排除假阳性结果,避免给患者造成不必要的或创伤性治疗[10]131I SPECT/CT融合显像,借助CT的解剖图像,能克服131I全身显像的局限性,对131I摄取灶的定位乃至辅助定性诊断都有意义。对于131I全身显像诊断不明的患者行SPECT/CT融合显像可提高诊断正确率,对调整治疗方案有重要临床价值[70]

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