Abstract: For malignant tumor, the traditional treatments mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, conventional radiotherapy, etc. Although these treatments play an important role in tumor therapy, however, there are still significant deficiencies:some clinical treatment ineffective, and some serious complications. In order to solve these problems which caused by the above treatment in tumor therapy, domestic and foreign researchers have successfully developed a new treatment—proton heavy ion radiotherapy. The author makes a detailed introduction to the basic principles and clinical application of this treatment method, and provide more information and support for cancer patients and oncologist.