Abstract: Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine tumors. Medical imaging examinations play a major role in diagnosing thyroid carcinoma and evaluating its therapeutic response.Recently, molecular imaging, as an emerging discipline, has made significant progress in qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrating the specific molecular alteration of thyroid cancer in cellular and molecular levels in vivo. This article is a summary of the advances on the molecular imaging diagnosis and the targeted therapy of thyroid cancer at home and abroad.