Abstract: The biological effects of tritium radiation and its mechanism is a research hotspot in the fields of radiation protection and radiation medicine. Tritium water entering the body can have a serious impact on the central nervous system. The authors summarized the effects of tritium water irradiation on the brain cell number, proliferation and differentiation, free amino acids in brain tissue, neuronal development, and neuroendocrine. Tritium water irradiation induced changes in the nervous system proteins and genes expression were introduced. The authors point out that it is the future development direction to apply various models such as cells, mice, and zebrafish to conduct in-depth research on the damage effect and mechanism of tritium-induced organisms.