Abstract: With the rapid development of global nuclear fusion energy, tritium, as a key fusion fuel, requires in-depth investigation into its impact on the environment and living organisms. Tritium in the environment can enter the body through various pathways, posing risks to multiple tissues and organs. Due to its large exposed surface area, the skin is more susceptible to tritium radiation, raising significant public health concerns. The authors summarize the effects of tritium internal exposure on skin melanocytes, indicating that single-dose exposure induces abnormal hair follicle formation more readily than fractionated exposure, and that tritium can cause DNA damage in melanocytes during differentiation. Furthermore, even low-level tritium exposure may lead to neuronal and blood cell damage, as well as chromosomal aberrations. Therefore, further exploration of the potential hazards of tritium to organisms and the mechanisms underlying tritium-induced somatic mutations is of great importance for improving tritium internal exposure protection strategies.