-
流行病学研究结果表明,45%~60%的胸痛患者行冠状动脉造影后被诊断为缺血伴非阻塞性冠状动脉疾病(ischaemia and non-obstructive coronary arteries,INOCA),其中大部分患者为冠状动脉痉挛(coronary artery spasm,CAS)和微血管功能障碍[1]。CAS在东亚国家的发病率较高[2]。我国研究者报道,存在静息性胸痛且冠状动脉造影提示心外膜血管狭窄<50%的患者中,75%的患者的CAS激发试验结果为阳性[3]。CAS综合征包括心绞痛、心肌梗死、猝死、心力衰竭和无症状性心肌缺血[4],其诊断和治疗具有十分重要的临床意义。冠状动脉内乙酰胆碱激发试验是诊断CAS的“金标准”[5],但由于国内缺乏乙酰胆碱药源,因此其临床应用受限。本研究采用冷加压试验(cold press test,CPT)心肌灌注显像(myocardial perfusion imaging,MPI)诱发内皮依赖的心外膜和微血管痉挛,作为INOCA患者血管痉挛性心绞痛的无创性诊断方法,为该类患者的诊断提供参考和依据。
-
676例患者中,有焦虑症状者456例、吸烟者151例、高脂血症者405例、高血压者300例、糖尿病者358例。CPT MPI 结果阴性[CPT(−)组]和结果阳性[CPT(+)组]患者分别为202例和474例,2组中有焦虑症状的患者占比的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2 组患者其他一般资料的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(表1)。
组别 年龄
(岁, )$\bar x \pm s $ 性别[例(%)] 吸烟
[例(%)]高脂血症
[例(%)]高血压
[例(%)]糖尿病
[例(%)]焦虑
[例(%)]男 女 CPT(−)组(n=202) 50.3±15.8 130(64.4) 72(35.6) 23(11.4) 121(59.9) 40(19.8) 50(24.8) 30(14.9) CPT(+)组(n=474) 40.5±18.7 309(65.2) 165(34.8) 128(27.0) 284(59.9) 260(54.9) 308(65.0) 426(89.9) 检验值 t=1.009 χ2=0.231 χ2=0.164 χ2=2.642 χ2=0.136 χ2=3.042 χ2=4.667 P值 0.617 0.204 0.304 0.149 0.410 0.086 0.020 注:CPT(−)表示CPT心肌灌注显像结果为阴性;CPT(+)表示CPT心肌灌注显像结果为阳性;CPT为冷加压试验 表 1 冷加压试验心肌灌注显像结果阳性和结果阴性的2组患者临床特征的比较
Table 1. Comparison of clinical characteristics of two groups of patients with positive and negative results of cold press test myocardial perfusion imaging
-
676例患者中,静息MPI显像正常441例、缺血235例,CPT和静息MPI显像均正常(SSS和静息总积分均为 0 分)202例(29.9%)。根据SSS结果,轻度心肌缺血患者299例(44.2%)、中度心肌缺血患者156例(23.1%)、重度心肌缺血患者19例(2.8%)。根据TPD结果,轻度心肌缺血患者318例(47.0%)、中度心肌缺血患者136例(20.1%)、重度心肌缺血患者20例(3.0%)。根据缺血部位不同,跨壁心肌缺血患者331例(49.0%)、心尖部心肌缺血患者349例(51.6%)、心内膜下心肌缺血患者277例(41.0%)。CPT诱发心肌缺血患者372例(55.0%),反向再充填患者102例(15.1%)。CPT和静息MPI患者心肌缺血情况见表2,CAS性心肌缺血患者的缺血程度大多数为轻中度,少数为重度。典型病例的MPI图见图1~图4。
项目 静息
心肌缺血
(n=235)冷加压试验 诱发心肌缺血
(n=372)反向再充填
(n=102)缺血程度 轻度(SSS 4~8分) 123(52.3) 233(62.6) 66(64.7) 中度(SSS 9~13分) 105(44.7) 125(33.6) 31(30.4) 重度(SSS>13分) 7(3.0) 14(3.8) 5(4.9) 缺血范围 轻度(TPD<10%) 161(68.5) 260(69.9) 58(56.9) 中度(10%≤TPD<20%) 60(25.5) 95(25.5) 41(40.2) 重度(TPD≥20%) 14(6.0) 17(4.6) 3(2.9) 缺血部位 跨壁心肌 191(81.3) 260(69.9) 71(69.6) 心尖部心肌 44(18.7) 274(73.7) 75(73.5) 心内膜下心肌 0(0.0) 191(51.3) 86(84.3) 注:SSS为负荷总积分;TPD为总灌注缺损 表 2 缺血伴非阻塞性冠状动脉疾病患者冷加压试验和静息心肌灌注显像心肌缺血情况的比较[例(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of myocardial ischemia by cold press test and resting myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with ischaemia and non-obstructive coronary arteries (case (%))
图 1 心外膜局灶型CAS伴ST段上抬心肌缺血患者(男性,63岁)的CPT和静息MPI图
Figure 1. Images of cold press test (CPT) and resting myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) of a patient (male, 63 years old) with epicardial focal coronary artery spasm with elevated ST segment myocardial ischemia
图 2 弥漫性心外膜和微血管痉挛性心肌缺血患者(男性,43岁)的CPT和静息MPI图
Figure 2. Images of cold press test (CPT) and resting myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) of a patient (male, 43 years old) with diffuse epicardial and microvascular spastic myocardial ischemia
-
在CPT过程中,1例患者出现心绞痛发作症状,1例出现心电图ST段上抬,2例出现一过性室性早搏,其余患者的心电图未见ST-T动态改变,所有患者在CPT过程中均出现一过性血压升高及心率加快。CPT MPI检出CAS性心肌缺血的总体阳性率为70.1%(474/676)。
冷加压试验心肌灌注显像对INOCA患者血管痉挛性心绞痛诊断价值的研究
Diagnostic value of cold press test myocardial perfusion imaging in INOCA patients with vasospastic angina pectoris
-
摘要:
目的 探讨冷加压试验(CPT)心肌灌注显像(MPI)对缺血伴非阻塞性冠状动脉疾病(INOCA)患者血管痉挛性心绞痛的诊断价值。 方法 回顾性分析2019年1月至2023年6月于徐州市中心医院住院的676例有心绞痛或胸闷憋喘等心绞痛等同症状的疑似INOCA患者的临床资料,其中男性439例、女性237例,年龄(49.3±20.4)岁。所有患者均行CPT和静息MPI(二日法)。根据《SPECT 心肌灌注显像技术与图像处理要点专家共识(2019 版)》判断患者心肌缺血的程度。计算负荷总积分(SSS)、静息总积分、总灌注缺损(TPD)等半定量参数。符合正态分布的计量资料的组间比较采用单因素方差分析,计数资料的组间比较采用χ2检验。 结果 CPT MPI 结果阴性[CPT(−)组]和结果阳性[CPT(+)组]的患者分别为202例和474例,2组中有焦虑症状患者的占比的差异有统计学意义(14.9%对89.9%,χ2=4.667,P<0.05),2 组患者其他一般资料的差异均无统计学意义(t=1.009,χ2=0.136~3.042,均 P>0.05)。根据SSS结果,676例患者中轻度心肌缺血患者299例(44.2%)、中度心肌缺血患者156例(23.1%)、重度心肌缺血患者19例(2.8%)。根据TPD结果,轻度心肌缺血患者318例(47.0%)、中度心肌缺血患者136例(20.1%)、重度心肌缺血患者20例(3.0%)。根据缺血部位不同,跨壁心肌缺血患者331例(49.0%)、心尖部心肌缺血患者349例(51.6%)、心内膜下心肌缺血患者277例(41.0%)。 结论 CPT MPI可诊断性评估INOCA患者血管痉挛性心绞痛导致的心肌缺血,为该类患者的无创影像诊断提供重要参考。 Abstract:Objective To evaluate the value of cold press test (CPT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in the diagnosis of vasospastic angina pectoris in patients with ischaemia and non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 676 suspected INOCA patients with angina pectoris or chest tightness, wheezing, and other equivalent symptoms of angina pectoris in Xuzhou Central Hospital from January 2019 to June 2023. The sample included 439 males and 237 females, aged (49.3±20.4) years. All patients underwent CPT and resting MPI. In accordance with 2019 expert consensus for key points of technique and image process during SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, the degree of myocardial ischemia in the patients was assessed. Semiquantitative parameters, such as summed stress score (SSS), summed resting score, and total perfusion defect (TPD), were calculated. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the measurement data with a normal distribution, and the χ2 test was employed to compare the counting data. Results The number of patients with negative CPT MPI results (CPT (−) group) and positive results (CPT (+) group) was 202 and 474, respectively. A significant difference in the proportion of patients with anxiety symptoms was observed between the two groups (14.9% vs. 89.9%; χ2=4.667, P<0.05). No significant differences in the other general data was found between the two groups (t=1.009, χ2=0.136–3.042; all P>0.05). According to the SSS results, 299 (44.2%) patients had mild myocardial ischemia, 156 (23.1%) patients had moderate myocardial ischemia, and 19 (2.8%) patients had severe myocardial ischemia. The TPD results revealed that 318 (47.0%) patients had mild myocardial ischemia, 136 (20.1%) patients had moderate myocardial ischemia, and 20 (3.0%) patients had severe myocardial ischemia. On the basis of the location of ischemia, 331 (49.0%), 349 (51.6%), and 277 (41.0%) patients were determined to have transmural myocardial ischemia, apical myocardial ischemia, and subendocardial myocardial ischemia, respectively. Conclusion CPT MPI can diagnostically evaluate myocardial ischemia caused by vasospastic angina pectoris in patients with INOCA and provide an important reference for noninvasive imaging diagnosis of this kind of patients. -
表 1 冷加压试验心肌灌注显像结果阳性和结果阴性的2组患者临床特征的比较
Table 1. Comparison of clinical characteristics of two groups of patients with positive and negative results of cold press test myocardial perfusion imaging
组别 年龄
(岁, )$\bar x \pm s $ 性别[例(%)] 吸烟
[例(%)]高脂血症
[例(%)]高血压
[例(%)]糖尿病
[例(%)]焦虑
[例(%)]男 女 CPT(−)组(n=202) 50.3±15.8 130(64.4) 72(35.6) 23(11.4) 121(59.9) 40(19.8) 50(24.8) 30(14.9) CPT(+)组(n=474) 40.5±18.7 309(65.2) 165(34.8) 128(27.0) 284(59.9) 260(54.9) 308(65.0) 426(89.9) 检验值 t=1.009 χ2=0.231 χ2=0.164 χ2=2.642 χ2=0.136 χ2=3.042 χ2=4.667 P值 0.617 0.204 0.304 0.149 0.410 0.086 0.020 注:CPT(−)表示CPT心肌灌注显像结果为阴性;CPT(+)表示CPT心肌灌注显像结果为阳性;CPT为冷加压试验 表 2 缺血伴非阻塞性冠状动脉疾病患者冷加压试验和静息心肌灌注显像心肌缺血情况的比较[例(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of myocardial ischemia by cold press test and resting myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with ischaemia and non-obstructive coronary arteries (case (%))
项目 静息
心肌缺血
(n=235)冷加压试验 诱发心肌缺血
(n=372)反向再充填
(n=102)缺血程度 轻度(SSS 4~8分) 123(52.3) 233(62.6) 66(64.7) 中度(SSS 9~13分) 105(44.7) 125(33.6) 31(30.4) 重度(SSS>13分) 7(3.0) 14(3.8) 5(4.9) 缺血范围 轻度(TPD<10%) 161(68.5) 260(69.9) 58(56.9) 中度(10%≤TPD<20%) 60(25.5) 95(25.5) 41(40.2) 重度(TPD≥20%) 14(6.0) 17(4.6) 3(2.9) 缺血部位 跨壁心肌 191(81.3) 260(69.9) 71(69.6) 心尖部心肌 44(18.7) 274(73.7) 75(73.5) 心内膜下心肌 0(0.0) 191(51.3) 86(84.3) 注:SSS为负荷总积分;TPD为总灌注缺损 -
[1] 中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. 缺血伴非阻塞性冠状动脉疾病诊断及管理中国专家共识[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2022, 50(12): 1148−1160. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20220908-00682.
Chinese Society of Cardiology, Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Cardiology. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and management on patients with ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery disease[J]. Chin J Cardiol, 2022, 50(12): 1148−1160. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20220908-00682.[2] 张翠华, 郑永芳. 血管内皮超极化因子[J]. 国外医学生理病理科学与临床分册, 1994, 14(2): 119−120.
Zhang CH, Zheng YF. Vascular endothelial hyperpolarizing factor[J]. Foreign Med: Physiol Pathol Sci Clin Fascicles, 1994, 14(2): 119−120.[3] 肖红, 吴兰兰. 冠状微血管痉挛性心绞痛[J]. 心血管病学进展, 2000, 21(1): 4−7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3934.2000.01.002.
Xiao H, Wu LL. Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm[J]. Adv Cardiol Dis, 2000, 21(1): 4−7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-3934.2000.01.002.[4] Quesada O, AlBadri A, Wei J, et al. Design, methodology and baseline characteristics of the women's ischemia syndrome evaluation-coronary vascular dysfunction (WISE-CVD)[J]. Am Heart J, 2019, 220: 224−236. DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.11.017. [5] Sinha A, Rahman H, Perera D. Coronary microvascular disease: current concepts of pathophysiology, diagnosis and management[J/OL]. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 10(1): 22−30[2023-07-29]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7901821. DOI: 10.1097/XCE.0000000000000223. [6] 中华医学会核医学分会《SPECT心肌灌注显像技术与图像操作要点专家共识(2019版)》编写委员会, 中华医学核医学分会“基于中国正常人群的心肌灌注SPECT定量分析多中心研究”项目组. SPECT心肌灌注显像技术与图像处理要点专家共识(2019版)[J]. 中华核医学与分子影像杂志, 2020, 40(1): 32−36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2020.01.007.
Writing Committee of Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine for the 2019 Expert Consensus for Key Points of Technique and Image Process During SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Chinese Society of Nuclear Medicine Expert Group of Multi-Center Study on Quantitative Analysis of SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Normal Chinese Population. 2019 Expert consensus for key points of technique and image process during SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging[J]. Chin J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2020, 40(1): 32−36. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-2848.2020.01.007.[7] Suzuki S, Kaikita K, Yamamoto E, et al. Role of acetylcholine spasm provocation test as a pathophysiological assessment in nonobstructive coronary artery disease[J]. Cardiovasc Interv Ther, 2021, 36(1): 39−51. DOI: 10.1007/s12928-020-00720-z. [8] de Waard GA, Cook CM, van Royen N, et al. Coronary autoregulation and assessment of stenosis severity without pharmacological vasodilation[J]. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(46): 4062−4071. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx669. [9] Ahn JM. Coronary microvascular dysfunction: is it distinct clinical entity or common physiologic pathway?[J]. Korean Circ J, 2020, 50(10): 904−906. DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2020.0352. [10] Mastrocola LE, Amorim BJ, Vitola JV, et al. Update of the Brazilian guideline on nuclear cardiology–2020[J]. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2020, 114(2): 325−429. DOI: 10.36660/abc.20200087. [11] Ayub MT, Kalra D. Coronary microvascular dysfunction and the role of noninvasive cardiovascular imaging[J/OL]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2020, 10(9): 679[2023-07-29]. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/9/679. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10090679. [12] Koilpillai P, Aggarwal NR, Mulvagh SL. State of the art in noninvasive imaging of ischemic heart disease and coronary microvascular dysfunction in women: indications, performance, and limitations[J]. Curr Atheroscler Rep, 2020, 22(12): 73. DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00894-0. [13] Konst RE, Damman P, Pellegrini D, et al. Diagnostic approach in patients with angina and no obstructive coronary artery disease: emphasising the role of the coronary function test[J]. Neth Heart J, 2021, 29(3): 121−128. DOI: 10.1007/s12471-020-01532-9. [14] Ong P, Safdar B, Seitz A, et al. Diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in the clinic[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2020, 116(4): 841−855. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz339. [15] Padro T, Manfrini O, Bugiardini R, et al. ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation position paper on 'coronary microvascular dysfunction in cardiovascular disease'[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2020, 116(4): 741−755. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa003.