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外泌体(exosomes)是由细胞内的多囊泡小体分泌并通过细胞膜释放到细胞外环境中的一些小囊泡,直径为30~100 nm,电镜下表现为脂质双层包裹的扁平球体,呈特征性的杯状外形[1]。有研究发现,不同类型的细胞均可以释放外泌体[2],其广泛存在于各种体液中,其中包括血液、泪液、尿液、唾液、乳汁、腹水等。外泌体中含有核酸、功能蛋白、转录因子等多种具有生物活性的物质,其本身的膜结构还能表达多种抗原、抗体分子,作用于靶细胞从而产生生物学效应[3]。
核医学分子影像技术在外泌体活体示踪中的研究进展
Advances in molecular-imaging techniques of nuclear medicine for tracing exosomes in vivo
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摘要: 外泌体是参与细胞间信号传导的重要物质,具有很高的生物学价值,目前已成为研究热点。高特异性、高灵敏度的外泌体示踪方法是揭示外泌体生物学功能的关键。外泌体示踪主要依靠分子影像学技术,其优势主要集中在核医学分子显像,其中包括外泌体的核素直接标记法和间接标记法。核医学分子显像可与解剖学成像相结合,定量监测外泌体的分布,还可对外泌体治疗的效果进行评价,在外泌体示踪研究中发挥着极其重要的作用。笔者将从外泌体的生物学价值、核医学分子影像技术在外泌体示踪中的研究进展作一综述。Abstract: Exosomes are important substances involved in intercellular signal transduction and have high biological values. Accordingly, exosomes have become a research hotspot. Highly specific and sensitive exosome-tracing method is the key to revealing the biological function of exosomes. Exosome tracing relies mostly on molecular imaging and its advantages focus primarily on nuclear-medicine molecular imaging, which includes direct and indirect radionuclide-labeling methods. Nuclear-medicine molecular imaging could be combined with anatomical imaging to quantitatively monitor exosome distribution and could be used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of exosomes. It plays an extremely important role in exosome tracing. This paper reviews the biological value of exosomes and the research progress in tracing exosomes through nuclear-medicine molecular imaging.
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Key words:
- Exosomes /
- In vivo tracer /
- Nuclear medicine /
- Molecular imaging technology
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