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国内外学者大多专注于大脑语言功能区的研究,对语言的大脑结构的基础研究相对较少。Maguire等[1]成功运用基于体素的形态学分析(voxel-based morphometry,VBM)方法研究了学习和后天锻炼对大脑结构的影响。随着神经影像学研究方法的飞速进步,近年来VBM在双语使用者的脑形态方面的应用越来越广泛。Mechelli等[2]利用VBM对意-英双语者和英语非双语者的第二语言熟练程度和习得年龄对大脑结构影响的研究初步探讨了大脑结构的可塑性。然而,目前对于中国少数民族双语使用者的研究国内外仍少见报道。
本研究通过分析在中国特有的聚居于云南、拥有自己民族语言并且熟练掌握汉语的白族双语者与汉族非双语者的全脑灰质密度差异,以及第二语言习得对大脑结构的影响,初步探讨少数民族第二语言习得可能的大脑基础,为各种语言功能障碍的诊断与治疗提供基础理论依据,减少或避免临床手术过程中对大脑语言区的损害,为临床大脑语言功能区恢复的评估提供更多的影像学依据。
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由表1可知,与汉族非双语者相比,白族白-汉双语者灰质密度明显增高的脑区包括右侧额中回、右侧眶回、右侧直回、左侧直回、左侧豆状核(均P<0.001),差异脑区主要集中在前额叶和纹状体,其统计参数图见图1、2;未发现灰质密度降低的脑区。
脑区 中心点坐标 体素
大小t值 P值 X轴(mm) Y轴(mm) Z轴(mm) 右侧额中回 41 26 41 72 4.00 <0.001 右侧眶回 16 28 −22 109 2.68 <0.001 右侧直回 6 29 −22 89 2.25 <0.001 左侧直回 −9 34 −19 87 2.69 <0.001 左侧豆状核 −15 16 −7 103 3.90 <0.001 注:白族白-汉双语者为熟练掌握白族语言和汉语2种语言的白族健康成年人;汉族非双语者为使用汉语单一语言的汉族健康成年人 表 1 白族白-汉双语者与汉族非双语者全脑灰质密度差异 的比较
Table 1. Difference comparison of grey matter density of the whole brain between Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals
白族白-汉双语者与汉族非双语者全脑灰质密度差异的研究
Differences in grey matter density of the whole brain between Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals
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摘要:
目的 通过分析白族白-汉双语者与汉族非双语者全脑灰质密度的差异,初步探讨少数民族第二语言习得可能的大脑基础及后天学习对大脑微观结构的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2012年4月至2013年4月于昆明医科大学第一附属医院就诊的33名熟练掌握白族语言和汉语2种语言的白族健康成年人[简称白族白-汉双语者,其中男性18名、女性15名,年龄20~50(25.33±4.65)岁]和30名使用汉语单一语言的汉族健康成年人[简称汉族非双语者,其中男性13名、女性17名,年龄20~50(26.16±2.05)岁]的大脑MRI显像资料。对白族白-汉双语者和汉族非双语者进行三维T1加权扫描,所得数据采用基于体素的形态学分析(VBM)方法分析全脑灰质密度,并采用双样本t检验比较2组受试者全脑灰质密度的差异。 结果 全脑灰质密度差异及其统计参数图的结果显示,白族白-汉双语者的右侧额中回(t=4.00,P<0.001)、右侧眶回(t=2.68,P<0.001)、右侧直回(t=2.25,P<0.001)、左侧直回(t=2.69,P<0.001)、左侧豆状核(t=3.90,P<0.001)局部灰质密度明显高于汉族非双语者。 结论 白族白-汉双语者与汉族非双语者全脑灰质密度有差异的脑区集中在前额叶和纹状体,其与白族白-汉双语者第二语言的习得关系密切,后天第二语言的学习可能导致大脑微观结构的改变。 Abstract:Objective To primarily discuss the brain structural underpinnings of learning second language of ethnic minorities and the effects of acquired learning on brain microstructure by analyzing the differences of gray matter density between Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on brain MRI data collected from 33 healthy Bai adults who were proficient in Bai and Chinese language (hereafter Bai-Han bilinguals, 18 males and 15 females, aged 20–50 (25.33±4.65) years) and 30 healthy Han adults who were proficient in Chinese language only (hereafter Han non-bilinguals, 13 males and 17 females, aged 20–50 (26.16±2.05) years) in the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from April 2012 to April 2013. Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals underwent MRI scanning to collect three-dimensional T1 structural images, which were used to analyze the grey matter density via voxel-based morphometry. Then, the between-group differences of grey matter density were compared through two-sample t test. Results Compared with Han non-bilinguals, Bai-Han bilinguals had significantly higher grey matter density in the right middle frontal gyrus (t=4.00, P<0.001), right orbital gyrus (t=2.68, P<0.001), right straight gyrus (t=2.25, P<0.001), left straight gyrus (t=2.69, P<0.001), and left lenticular nucleus (t=3.90, P<0.001). Conclusion The brain areas with differences in gray matter density between Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals were concentrated in prefrontal cortex and striatum, which were closely correlated with the learning of second language in Bai-Han bilinguals, and acquired learning for second language may give rise to cerebral microstructural alterations. -
表 1 白族白-汉双语者与汉族非双语者全脑灰质密度差异 的比较
Table 1. Difference comparison of grey matter density of the whole brain between Bai-Han bilinguals and Han non-bilinguals
脑区 中心点坐标 体素
大小t值 P值 X轴(mm) Y轴(mm) Z轴(mm) 右侧额中回 41 26 41 72 4.00 <0.001 右侧眶回 16 28 −22 109 2.68 <0.001 右侧直回 6 29 −22 89 2.25 <0.001 左侧直回 −9 34 −19 87 2.69 <0.001 左侧豆状核 −15 16 −7 103 3.90 <0.001 注:白族白-汉双语者为熟练掌握白族语言和汉语2种语言的白族健康成年人;汉族非双语者为使用汉语单一语言的汉族健康成年人 -
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