Abstract: The rapid assessment of the radiation dose absorbed by the human body during nuclear and radiation accidents is extremely important for the classification and treatment of the wounded. In order to formulate effective radiation injury treatment strategies and develop new anti-radiation drugs, the research on biomarkers related to radiation injury has aroused strong interest of researchers. Evaluating the radiation absorbed dose or the effectiveness of anti-radiation drugs through changes in radiation damage-related biomarkers has become a research hotspot. Therefore, this paper reviews the biomarkers used in recent years to evaluate the radiation absorbed dose and the effectiveness of anti-radiation drugs.