Abstract: Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the endocrine system, and its incidence is increasing annually. At present, treatment methods for DTC primarily include surgical resection + ¹³¹I treatment + thyroid-stimulating hormone inhibition therapy. Serum thyroglobulin (Tg), as a specific tumor marker for DTC, can provide a basis for diagnosis and treatment of DTC, the prediction of its metastasis and recurrence, and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. The presence of Tg antibody (TgAb) may affect the determination of Tg. Therefore, this study reviews the role of serum Tg and TgAb in the diagnosis and treatment of DTC.