2012 Vol. 36, No. 2
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2012, 36(2): 65-68.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.001
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Abstract:
Tumor angiogenesis has a close relationship with tumor growth, progression, metastasis and the prognosis of tumor patients. Therefore, tumor anti-angiogenic treatment arouses great public interest. Molecular imaging can characteristically display and measure the biochemical process of organisms at cellular and molecular level in vivo, which is based on the specific binding of molecular probe with high affinity and target molecules. In recent years, molecular imaging has a certain progress on visual and quantitative research of tumor angiogenesis and it is expected to become an important technique in the efficacy evaluation and prognostic assessment. This article summarizes the new advances of molecular imaging technology in tumor angiogenesis.
Tumor angiogenesis has a close relationship with tumor growth, progression, metastasis and the prognosis of tumor patients. Therefore, tumor anti-angiogenic treatment arouses great public interest. Molecular imaging can characteristically display and measure the biochemical process of organisms at cellular and molecular level in vivo, which is based on the specific binding of molecular probe with high affinity and target molecules. In recent years, molecular imaging has a certain progress on visual and quantitative research of tumor angiogenesis and it is expected to become an important technique in the efficacy evaluation and prognostic assessment. This article summarizes the new advances of molecular imaging technology in tumor angiogenesis.
2012, 36(2): 69-71.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.002
Abstract:
Prognosis of thyroid cancer is generally more optimistic, however many tumors (30%) will de-differentiate and become refractory to radioactive iodine, the rate of 10 year survival will be reduced to 30%-40%. Recent data have shown that silencing of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) appears to be related to the most aggressive behavior of thyroid cancer, TSHR expression is reduced in differentiated thyroid cancer while is lack in de-differentiated thyroid cancer; in vitro experiments, human TSHR gene transfection in thyroid carcinoma cell line can promote the rate of iodine uptake and the expression of the gene of iodine uptake. From this it is clear that TSHR plays an important role in the onset and the development of thyroid cancer. This article briefly reviewed the TSHR gene and protein, the role of TSHR in thyrocyte and the onset of the thyroid cancer, the signaling pathways that TSHR participate in, and analyzed the role of TSHR in de-differentiated thyroid cancer.
Prognosis of thyroid cancer is generally more optimistic, however many tumors (30%) will de-differentiate and become refractory to radioactive iodine, the rate of 10 year survival will be reduced to 30%-40%. Recent data have shown that silencing of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) appears to be related to the most aggressive behavior of thyroid cancer, TSHR expression is reduced in differentiated thyroid cancer while is lack in de-differentiated thyroid cancer; in vitro experiments, human TSHR gene transfection in thyroid carcinoma cell line can promote the rate of iodine uptake and the expression of the gene of iodine uptake. From this it is clear that TSHR plays an important role in the onset and the development of thyroid cancer. This article briefly reviewed the TSHR gene and protein, the role of TSHR in thyrocyte and the onset of the thyroid cancer, the signaling pathways that TSHR participate in, and analyzed the role of TSHR in de-differentiated thyroid cancer.
2012, 36(2): 72-75.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.003
Abstract:
Medical imaging simulation is a powerful tool for characterizing, evaluating, and optimizing medical imaging devices and techniques. A vital aspect of simulation is to have a realistic phantom or model of the subject's anatomy. Four-dimensional mouse whole-body phantoms provide realistic models of the mouse anatomy and physiology for imaging studies. When combined with accurate models for the imaging process, are capable of providing a wealth of realistic imaging data from subjects with various anatomies and motions(cardiac and respiratory)in health and disease. With this ability, the four-dimensional mouse whole-body phantoms have enormous potential to study the effects of anatomical, physiological and physical factors on medical and small animal imaging and to research new instrumentation, image acquisition strategies, image processing, reconstruction methods, image visualization and interpretation techniques.
Medical imaging simulation is a powerful tool for characterizing, evaluating, and optimizing medical imaging devices and techniques. A vital aspect of simulation is to have a realistic phantom or model of the subject's anatomy. Four-dimensional mouse whole-body phantoms provide realistic models of the mouse anatomy and physiology for imaging studies. When combined with accurate models for the imaging process, are capable of providing a wealth of realistic imaging data from subjects with various anatomies and motions(cardiac and respiratory)in health and disease. With this ability, the four-dimensional mouse whole-body phantoms have enormous potential to study the effects of anatomical, physiological and physical factors on medical and small animal imaging and to research new instrumentation, image acquisition strategies, image processing, reconstruction methods, image visualization and interpretation techniques.
2012, 36(2): 76-79.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.004
Abstract:
18F-FDG PET and PET-CT has become an important tool in the postoperative management of de-differentiated thyroid cancer. But the value of this method in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules is unclear. Various groups of investigators have explored the potential role of 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT in patients with benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms expecially those with indeterminate fine needle aspiration cytology findings. With the increasing demand for 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT, clinicians are faced with the challenge of managing an increasing number of 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT detected thyroid incidentalomas because their significance remains unclear. The standardized uptake value of 18F-FDG is the most common semi-quantitive index and can be used to characterize malignant and benign thyroid nodules by describing the metablism of glucose. This article reviewed the value of SUV in differential diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid nodules.
18F-FDG PET and PET-CT has become an important tool in the postoperative management of de-differentiated thyroid cancer. But the value of this method in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules is unclear. Various groups of investigators have explored the potential role of 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT in patients with benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms expecially those with indeterminate fine needle aspiration cytology findings. With the increasing demand for 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT, clinicians are faced with the challenge of managing an increasing number of 18F-FDG PET and PET-CT detected thyroid incidentalomas because their significance remains unclear. The standardized uptake value of 18F-FDG is the most common semi-quantitive index and can be used to characterize malignant and benign thyroid nodules by describing the metablism of glucose. This article reviewed the value of SUV in differential diagnosis of malignant and benign thyroid nodules.
2012, 36(2): 80-83.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.005
Abstract:
Nuclide lung ventilation/perfusion imaging was established as a nuclear medicine method which was based on two paths of the pulmonary blood flow and ventilation. This method has some valuable features such as sensitive, reliable and being widely used in clinic. This article reviewed the application and development of lung ventilation/perfusion imaging in the lung embolim diagnosis, lung function clinical observation and experimental studies of the last 15 years.
Nuclide lung ventilation/perfusion imaging was established as a nuclear medicine method which was based on two paths of the pulmonary blood flow and ventilation. This method has some valuable features such as sensitive, reliable and being widely used in clinic. This article reviewed the application and development of lung ventilation/perfusion imaging in the lung embolim diagnosis, lung function clinical observation and experimental studies of the last 15 years.
2012, 36(2): 84-86.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.006
Abstract:
Valine(V) being substituted for by glutamate(E)at codon 600 in B type RAF gene(BRAFV600E mutation)is the most common genetic mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. There have been many researches shown a strong association between BRAFV600E mutation and the occurrence, progression and metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer. This article illustrates its clinical utility on the preoperative diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and inhibitor treatment of papillary thyroid cancer, so as to instruct the clinical management better.
Valine(V) being substituted for by glutamate(E)at codon 600 in B type RAF gene(BRAFV600E mutation)is the most common genetic mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. There have been many researches shown a strong association between BRAFV600E mutation and the occurrence, progression and metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer. This article illustrates its clinical utility on the preoperative diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and inhibitor treatment of papillary thyroid cancer, so as to instruct the clinical management better.
2012, 36(2): 87-91.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.007
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of 18F-FDG PET-CT in the diagnosis of the adrenal metastasis and study its diagnostic criteria. Methods Fifty-nine patients with adrenal metastasis and 18 patients with adrenal benign tumor underwent 18F-FDG PET-CT, all of the adrenal lesion's diameter and FDG maximum standardized uptake values(SUVmax), SUVmax of normal liver were measured and analyzed comprehensively. All lesions underwent biopsy after operation or follow-up in clinic or imaging diagnosis for final diagnosis. Results There were 78 adrenal lesions of 59 cases with adrenal metastasis, and 21 adrenal lesions of 18 cases with adrenal benign. The SUVmax of adrenals metastasis was 7.05±5.26, while benign tumor was 2.27±1.35, statistical significant difference was found between the 2 groups(t=7.199, P < 0.01). The short diameter of adrenal metastasis was (1.66±0.91) cm, benign tumor was (1.52±1.05) cm, there was no statistical significant difference between the 2 groups(t=0.529, P > 0.05). Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that using lesion's SUVmax > 3.1 as the diagnostic criteria of benign and metastatic adrenal lesions, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 18F-FDG PET- CT in diagnosis of adrenals metastasis were 83.3%, 90.5% and 84.9%, respectively. But if using the SUVmax of adrenal lesion exceeds normal liver tissue as the diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 96.2%, 90.5% and 95.0%. For adrenals metastasis, the correlation coefficient between lesion size(short diameter) and SUVmax was 0.501. Among all 59 cases with adrenal metastasis, 30(50.8%) patients' lesions in the left adrenal gland, 10(16.9%)in the right side and 19(32.2%) in the both sides. Conclusion 18F-FDG PET-CT has high sensitivity and accurate in diagnosis of adrenal metastasis, and the SUVmax of adrenal lesion exceeds normal liver tissue is a better diagnostic criteria. The size of adrenal metastasis lesions has certain correlation with its SUVmax and the lesions often in the left side gland and lung cancer is the more common primary tumor.
2012, 36(2): 92-93, 120.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.008
Abstract:
Objective To explore the characters of plasma levels of the tumor necrosis factor-α1(TNF-α1) and interleukin-2(IL-2) in patients with hyperthyroidism due to multiple etiologies such as Graves disease(GD) and Hashimoto disease(HD) etc. Methods Two hundred and fifty hyperthyroidism patients were divided into three groups, including GD group(n=109), HD group(n=80) and other causes of hyperthyroidism group(n=61). Ninty-eight healthy individuals served as control group. The TNF-α1 and IL-2 levels in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results The TNF-α1 level in plasma of GD group and HD group were significantly higher than that of other causes of hyperthyroidism group(dTNF-α1 =17.638 and 19.248, both P < 0.01)and normal group(dTNF-α1 =24.460 and 26.070, both P < 0.01). The IL-2 level in plasma of GD group and HD group were significantly lower than that of other causes of hyperthyroidism group(dIL-2=2.668 and 2.975, both P < 0.01)and normal group(dIL-2=2.649 and 2.955, both P < 0.01). There were no significant differences of the TNF-α1 and IL-2 levels in plasma between other causes of hyperthyroidism group and normal group(dTNF-α1=0.821, dIL-2=0.194, both P > 0.05). Conclusions Hyperthyroidism due to autoimmune disease such as GD and HD accompanied with changes of TNF-α1 and IL-2 levels in plasma, while hyperthyroidism due to high iodine uptake, toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma did not accompany with changes of TNF-α1 and IL-2 levels in plasma. The plasma levels of TNF-α1 and IL-2 may play an important role in differential diagnosis and therapeutic effect evaluation in GD and HD.
2012, 36(2): 94-96.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.009
Abstract:
Objective To study the effect of recombinant adenovirus vector carrying interleukin-21 gene(Ad-IL-21) combined with different doses of γ-ray radiation on the growth of breast neoplasms. Methods MCF-7 cells were transfected by Ad-IL-21 and exposed from 0 to 10 Gy 137Cs γ-ray 6 h after transfection. The cohorts were divided into 5 groups:blank control group, adenovirus vector containing β-galactosidase gene(Ad-LacZ) group, Ad-IL-21 group, γ-ray radiation group and Ad- IL-21 combined with radiation group. The inhibition rates of MCF-7 cells were detected by MTT assay. Results MCF-7 cells transfected with Ad- IL-21 were inhibited significantly greater than that of Ad-LacZ(F=26.34, P < 0.05). The inhibition rates of γ-ray radiation group and Ad-IL-21 combined with radiation group were significantly higher than that of Ad- IL-21 group(F=23.51, F=27.55, both P < 0.05)and the inhibition rate increased when γ-ray radiation doses increased. The inhibition rate of Ad- IL-21 combined with radiation group was higher than that of γ-ray radiation group at the same dose. The inhibition rate of Ad- IL-21 combined with radiation group was the highest, which was significantly higher than that of Ad- IL-21 group and γ-ray radiation group(F=35.68, F=38.67, both P < 0.05). Conclusion The recombinant Ad- IL-21 transfection combined with γ-ray radiation shows the synergism for the inhibition of the growth of MCF-7 cells.
2012, 36(2): 97-100.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.010
Abstract:
Objective To study the inhibitory effects of 17aα-D-homo ethynylestradiol-3-acetate (DHEA) combined with 137Cs γ-ray irradiation on adenocarcinoma of the lung in different mice strains. Methods The LA795 tumor were diluted by saline to the cell suspension at the concentration of 3.5×107/ml. Each IRM-1 and IRM-2 mice was transplanted by armpit injection of 0.2 ml cell suspension. After 24 h, the mice were randomly divided into control group, radiation alone group, DHEA treated groups(high, middle and low dose respectively) and DHEA combined with irradiation groups. Mice in DHEA treated groups and combination groups were intraperitoneally injected with DHEA daily for 7 days. Mice in the combination groups were irradiated with 1 Gy per day for 5 days after injected with DHEA for 4 days. The anti-tumor effects of DHEA combined with irradiation on different group were measured. Results The tumor inhibitory ratios of IRM-1 mice in DHEA treated groups were 38.05%(low does), 49.33%(middle dose) and 48.18%(high does) respectively, while in combination groups were 56.98%(low does), 64.44%(middle dose) and 62.72%(high dose). Compared with control group, the tumor inhibitory ratios in DHEA treated groups(t=3.417, 4.929 and 4.889, all P < 0.01) and combination groups(t=5.475, 5.770 and 6.165, all P < 0.01) were elevated. The tumor inhibitory ratios of IRM-2 mice in DHEA treated groups were 42.73%(low dose), 70.91%(middle dose) and 67.73%(high dose) respectively, while in combination groups were 63.63%(low dose), 75.00%(middle dose) and 68.64%(high dose). Compared with control group, the tumor inhibitory ratios in DHEA treated groups (middle and high dose)(t=3.239 and 3.062, both P < 0.01)and combination groups (t=2.834, 3.426 and 3.156, P < 0.05, < 0.01 and < 0.01) were elevated. Conclusions DHEA showed tumor inhibitory effects on different mice strain transplanted with tumor. The synergistic anti-tumor effects of DHEA and γ-ray irradiation were more effective than DHEA alone.
2012, 36(2): 101-104.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.011
Abstract:
This article discussed on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism of DNA repair gene human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and genetic susceptibility of cancer in aspects of gene structure, biological function and relationship with disease; reviewed molecular epidemiology studies of hOGG1 and cancer genetic susceptibility; figured out the diagnosis and prevention value of hOGG1 as a biomarker of cancer susceptible populations.
This article discussed on the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism of DNA repair gene human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and genetic susceptibility of cancer in aspects of gene structure, biological function and relationship with disease; reviewed molecular epidemiology studies of hOGG1 and cancer genetic susceptibility; figured out the diagnosis and prevention value of hOGG1 as a biomarker of cancer susceptible populations.
2012, 36(2): 105-108.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.012
Abstract:
Objective To explore the correlation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2(SKP2) expression with radio-sensitivity of esophageal carcinoma. Methods Detecting the level of SKP2 in four different esophageal carcinoma cell lines using Western-blotting. Constructing p-pcDNATM 3.1/myc-His A-SKP2 expression and SKP2 RNAi vector and transfecting SKP2 low or high expression cell, respectively. Clone forming assay was used to detect the cell proliferation ability of different groups after 5 Gy γ-ray irradiation. Results The sequence of SKP2 expression level in four different esophageal carcinoma cell line was KYSE510 > KYSE450 > EC9706 > KYSE150. Compared with parent control cells, the clone forming ability of SKP2 high expression cells was significantly increased(F=3.53, P < 0.01), showing high SKP2 expression depression the radio-sensitivity of KYSE150 cell. In contrast, the clone forming ability of KYSE510 cell was significantly decreased after SKP2 knock-down(F=5.23, P < 0.05), showing low SKP2 expression promoting the radio-sensitivity of KYSE510 cell. Conclusion SKP2 expression was correlated with radio-sensitivity of esophageal carcinoma, but further study was needed to explore the molecular mechanism.
2012, 36(2): 109-112.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.013
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the long-term effects of high γ-ray dose on the mice immune system to stimulation of lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Methods The mice were randomly divided into sham-irradiation group and irradiation group. Mice in sham-irradiation group received no irradiation, while mice in irradiation group received 6 Gy γ-ray irradiation. The mice were accepted intraperitoneal injection of LPS(20 mg/kg) in LPS treated group at 10 weeks after irradiation, while the mice in control group were accepted intraperitoneal injection of saline. The mice were sacrificed after 1 h and 24 h respectively. The white blood cells, CD4, CD8 and B220 cells in peripheral blood were detected. The index of spleen and thymus were calculated and the number of bone marrow nucleated cells per femur were counted. Results Compared to the mice in sham-irradiation-control group, the ratio of CD4 cells in irradiation-control group increased(t=2.940, P < 0.05), while the CD8 and B220 cells decreased(t=6.485 and 4.351, both P < 0.01). Compared to the mice in sham-irradiation-LPS 1h group, the ratio of CD4(t=2.510, P < 0.05), CD8(t=2.862, P < 0.05) and B220(t=7.074, P < 0.01) cells in irradiation-LPS 1 h group significantly decreased. Compared to the mice in sham-irradiation-LPS 24 h group, the number of bone marrow nucleated cells in irradiation-LPS 24h group significantly increased(t=2.078, P < 0.05). Conclusions The immune system of mice had not entirely recovered at 10 weeks after 6 Gy γ-ray irradiation. After the stimulation of LPS, the changes of thymus index and CD8, B220 cells numbers were less in the mice of irradiation group than the sham-irradiation group. The long-term effects of radiation on the mice immune system need to be further explored.
2012, 36(2): 113-116.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.014
Abstract:
Objective To study different target surface/ filtration combination and exposure modes which are influence factors to digital mammography radiation dose. Methods Phantom of breast and rectangular wave test card were exposed to Siemens MAMMOMAT NovationDR digital breast X-ray machine by different target surface/ filtration combines and different exposure modes, radiation dose and line logarithms of test card was obtained. And then comparatively studied with clinical radiation does, observed the different quality of images. Results There are significant difference between three different target surface/ filtration combines and two different exposure modes at the same X-ray image quality. The radiation dose of target surface/ filtration combinations of molybdenum/molybdenum, molybdenum/rhodium, and tungsten/ rhodium were 2.2 mGy, 1.5 mGy, and 1.0 mGy in model test, respectively. Compared with 3 mGy of automatic exposure, manual exposure dose decreased to 1.5 mGy. The results of clinical case and model test were completely conformed. Conclusion Manual exposure mode and tungsten/rhodium target surface/filtration combination were advised to reduce the radiation dose in clinical application
2012, 36(2): 117-120.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.015
Abstract:
National occupational health standards—Diagnostic Criteria for Radiation Heart Injury has been approued and issued by Ministry of Health. On the basis of the extensive research literature, systematic study of the relevant laws and regulations in the criterias, further explicitly formulating the basis and principles of this criteria to guide the development of criteria. This criteria is mainly used for diagnosis of heart injury caused by radiation accident and medical radiation. To be better for using this criteria and to diagnosis correctly this disease and prompt treatment, the criteria-related content is interpreted in this article.
National occupational health standards—Diagnostic Criteria for Radiation Heart Injury has been approued and issued by Ministry of Health. On the basis of the extensive research literature, systematic study of the relevant laws and regulations in the criterias, further explicitly formulating the basis and principles of this criteria to guide the development of criteria. This criteria is mainly used for diagnosis of heart injury caused by radiation accident and medical radiation. To be better for using this criteria and to diagnosis correctly this disease and prompt treatment, the criteria-related content is interpreted in this article.
2012, 36(2): 121-123, 封三.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.016
Abstract:
Objective To analyze the difference between five-field plan and seven-field plan in intensity modulated radiation therapy for patients with mid- and distal-esophageal carcinoma, and to find out the optimal beam arrangement. Methods Five-field plan and seven-field plan were designed for each of 12 patients with mid- and distal-esophageal carcinoma. 95% of planning target volume was required to achieve prescription dose. Dose-volume histograms statistics, dose uniformity, and dose conformity in every patient were compared respectively. Results Superior dose conformity for planning target volume was shown in seven-field plan (t=2.681, P < 0.05). Difference was not significant between uniformity in seven-field plan and that in five-field plan. Difference was not significant between doses received by organs at risk, such as spinal cord and heart, in seven-field plan and those in five-field plan. V5, V10, V15 of lungs in five-field plan were lower significantly than those in seven-field plan(t=-7.938, -12.055 and -4.859, all P < 0.05). Conclusions For patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma treated by intensity modulate radiation therapy, compared with 7-fielded plan, the volume of lungs with lower dose could be reduced on the premise of acceptable planning target volume coverage by the application of five-plan. Therefore, radiation-induced lung injury occurrence probability would be reduced, and the patient's quality of life would be improved. Five-field plan would be worth applying in the clinical work.
2012, 36(2): 124-126.
doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4114.2012.02.017
Abstract:
Objective To explore chest image features of patients with acute chlorine poisoning and their clinical values. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed by chest image features of 117 patients with acute chlorine poisoning. All the patients were classified according to Chinese management of occupational acute chlorine poisoning diagnosis standard. Results Sixty-five patients presented with stimulus response, and normal or both lungs had a little more white on their chest images. Thirty-one cases presented with minor poisoning, and without or the texture of both lungs was increased, and grew hazy and coarse. seventeen cases were moderate, and small sample vague shadows or single or multiple limitations lamellar shadow. Four cases were serious, and two lungs had extensive and density homogeneous consolidation shadow. Conclusions It would make the diagnosis and assessment of chlorine poisoning more easier based on the combination of chest image features, the clear history of acute chlorine poisoning and relevant clinical performance.
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