2007 Vol. 31, No. 1
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2007, 31(1): 1-5.
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Abstract:
This review provides a critical and thorough overview of the radionpharmaceutical development and in vivo evaluation of all apoptosis-detecting radioligands that emerged so far, along with these possible applications in nuclear medcine. Radiolabelled annexin bears the promise of becoming a clinically applied radio-pharmaceutical with potential applications in cardiology and oncology. Visualization of cell death is important in pathologies such as myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Furthermore, radiolabelled annexin may be developed as a tool for monitoring cell death-induceing or cell death-preventing therapies. Some futue perspective are presented with the aim of promoting the development of potential new strategies in pursuit of the idealcell death-detecting radioligand.
This review provides a critical and thorough overview of the radionpharmaceutical development and in vivo evaluation of all apoptosis-detecting radioligands that emerged so far, along with these possible applications in nuclear medcine. Radiolabelled annexin bears the promise of becoming a clinically applied radio-pharmaceutical with potential applications in cardiology and oncology. Visualization of cell death is important in pathologies such as myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Furthermore, radiolabelled annexin may be developed as a tool for monitoring cell death-induceing or cell death-preventing therapies. Some futue perspective are presented with the aim of promoting the development of potential new strategies in pursuit of the idealcell death-detecting radioligand.
2007, 31(1): 6-8,20.
Abstract:
In recent years, 18F-fluoro-3'-deoxy-3'-L-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) has been developed as a proliferation tracer, hnaging and measurement of proliferation with PET could provide us with a non-invasive tool to value tumor cell proliferation rate and to monitor the response to anticancer treatment. In this review, the basis of 18F-FLT as a proliferation tracer is discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the current status of 18F-FLT PET research is given. The results of research show that 18F-FLT PET can correctly reflect cellular proliferation, it also has certain limitations. In comparisonwith 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT uptake is lower in most cases. Furthermore, 18F-FLT uptake does not reflect all kinds of cell proliferation.
In recent years, 18F-fluoro-3'-deoxy-3'-L-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) has been developed as a proliferation tracer, hnaging and measurement of proliferation with PET could provide us with a non-invasive tool to value tumor cell proliferation rate and to monitor the response to anticancer treatment. In this review, the basis of 18F-FLT as a proliferation tracer is discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the current status of 18F-FLT PET research is given. The results of research show that 18F-FLT PET can correctly reflect cellular proliferation, it also has certain limitations. In comparisonwith 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT uptake is lower in most cases. Furthermore, 18F-FLT uptake does not reflect all kinds of cell proliferation.
2007, 31(1): 9-12.
Abstract:
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET is a very sensitive technology, yet it still has limitation such as low specificity. In this way, tracers used to study amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, changes of other substrates of tricarboxylic aciol cycle metabolism, tumor hypoxia, immunological activity and receptor are expected to be new tumor imaging agent, The study and possible use of short half-life radiopharmaceuticals(excluding FDG) in oncology with positron emission tomography are reviewed in this article, those that include 18F and 11C labeled compounds.
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET is a very sensitive technology, yet it still has limitation such as low specificity. In this way, tracers used to study amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, changes of other substrates of tricarboxylic aciol cycle metabolism, tumor hypoxia, immunological activity and receptor are expected to be new tumor imaging agent, The study and possible use of short half-life radiopharmaceuticals(excluding FDG) in oncology with positron emission tomography are reviewed in this article, those that include 18F and 11C labeled compounds.
2007, 31(1): 13-16.
Abstract:
Functional imaging is an effective methods in the study of psychological disturbances. The SPECT imaging methods commonly used in the study of depression are cerebral blood flow imaging, cerebral metabolic imaging and neuroreceptor imaging, which reflect the cerebral blood perfusion, cerebral metabolism, and the distribution and function of neuroreceptors respectively. The techniques in data processing include and statistical parametric mapping. This review summarizes the feature of the imaging and data processing methods, the manifestation of SPECT images in depressive patients, the brain region with abnormal blood flow and the findings in neuroreceptor imaging, analyzes the problems in current reports and prospects future studies.
Functional imaging is an effective methods in the study of psychological disturbances. The SPECT imaging methods commonly used in the study of depression are cerebral blood flow imaging, cerebral metabolic imaging and neuroreceptor imaging, which reflect the cerebral blood perfusion, cerebral metabolism, and the distribution and function of neuroreceptors respectively. The techniques in data processing include and statistical parametric mapping. This review summarizes the feature of the imaging and data processing methods, the manifestation of SPECT images in depressive patients, the brain region with abnormal blood flow and the findings in neuroreceptor imaging, analyzes the problems in current reports and prospects future studies.
2007, 31(1): 17-20.
Abstract:
Nuclear imaging is an ideal and useful noninvasive detection technology, is the unique imageology method reflecting the changes of tissue and organ blood flow, metabolism and function qualitatively and quantitatively. Atherosclerotic plaque nuclear imaging using the radioisotope labeled intermediate materials participating in atherosclerosis can discover the early stage lesion. This article focuses on studying the recent developments of the atherosclerosis imaging agents and assessing their clinical prospects.
Nuclear imaging is an ideal and useful noninvasive detection technology, is the unique imageology method reflecting the changes of tissue and organ blood flow, metabolism and function qualitatively and quantitatively. Atherosclerotic plaque nuclear imaging using the radioisotope labeled intermediate materials participating in atherosclerosis can discover the early stage lesion. This article focuses on studying the recent developments of the atherosclerosis imaging agents and assessing their clinical prospects.
2007, 31(1): 21-25.
Abstract:
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been known to be a significant factor in the development and growth of many types of cancers. It is now accepted that the EGFR signal transduction net work plays an important role in multiple tumorigenic processes, contributing to cancercell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as protection from apoptosis. Recently, EGFR monoclonal antibodies(McAb) and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) inhibitors have been validated as new treatment approach for those EGFR-positive cancers and have shown activity aginst advanced, chemofractory cancers in clinical trials. This article focuses on three EGFR targeted molecularly therapies of cancers.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been known to be a significant factor in the development and growth of many types of cancers. It is now accepted that the EGFR signal transduction net work plays an important role in multiple tumorigenic processes, contributing to cancercell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, as well as protection from apoptosis. Recently, EGFR monoclonal antibodies(McAb) and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) inhibitors have been validated as new treatment approach for those EGFR-positive cancers and have shown activity aginst advanced, chemofractory cancers in clinical trials. This article focuses on three EGFR targeted molecularly therapies of cancers.
2007, 31(1): 25-27.
Abstract:
18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG) is the most widely used PET agent for imaging tumors. However, 18F-FDG PET showed a relatively high false positive rate when it is used to differentia the malignant and benign lesions. 11C-aeetate metabolie PET may overcome some limitations of 18F-FDG PET and has elinieal potentials. It has demonstrated advantages over 18F-FDG PET in the tumors such as prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the metabolie characteristics of 11C-acetate, it may be used to assess myoeardial viability, blood flow and peffusion.
18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG) is the most widely used PET agent for imaging tumors. However, 18F-FDG PET showed a relatively high false positive rate when it is used to differentia the malignant and benign lesions. 11C-aeetate metabolie PET may overcome some limitations of 18F-FDG PET and has elinieal potentials. It has demonstrated advantages over 18F-FDG PET in the tumors such as prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma. Because of the metabolie characteristics of 11C-acetate, it may be used to assess myoeardial viability, blood flow and peffusion.
2007, 31(1): 28-30.
Abstract:
For qualitation diagnosis of single pulmonary nodules (SPN), both 18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG)PET and 11C-choline PET have their own advantages. The outcome of the PET imaging will have more value for diagnosis if the two agents are used. 18F-FDG PET has more high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of malignant SPN and metastasis of lymphonodes, 11C-choline PET can decrease the false positive rate of inflamed foei and is helpful to diagnosis of brain metastasis from the malignant SPN. However, both agents can't be accumulated in bronehioalveolar carcinoma and small lung cancer with lower metabolism. It is reported that 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) PET can be used to detect the benign nodes from the malignanee, evaluate the therapeutic effect and prognosis.18F-FLT may be a prospective PET tracer in clinical applieation.
For qualitation diagnosis of single pulmonary nodules (SPN), both 18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG)PET and 11C-choline PET have their own advantages. The outcome of the PET imaging will have more value for diagnosis if the two agents are used. 18F-FDG PET has more high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of malignant SPN and metastasis of lymphonodes, 11C-choline PET can decrease the false positive rate of inflamed foei and is helpful to diagnosis of brain metastasis from the malignant SPN. However, both agents can't be accumulated in bronehioalveolar carcinoma and small lung cancer with lower metabolism. It is reported that 3'-deoxy-3'-18F-fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) PET can be used to detect the benign nodes from the malignanee, evaluate the therapeutic effect and prognosis.18F-FLT may be a prospective PET tracer in clinical applieation.
2007, 31(1): 31-33.
Abstract:
Because of the poor prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer and the risks associated with surgical intervention, accurate staging is essential for optimal treatment planning. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a useful adjunct to more conventional imaging modalities in this setting. 18F-FDG PET is not an appropriate first-line diagnostic procedure in the detection of esophageal cancer and is not helpful in detecting local invasion by the primary tumor. However, 18F-FDG PET is superior to anatomic imaging modalities in the ability to detect distant metastases. Metastases to the liver, lungs, and skeleton can readily be identified at 18F-FDG PET. In addition, 18F-FDG PET has proved valuable in determining the respectability of disease and allows scanning of a larger volume, which is possible with computed tomography. Recurrent disease is readily diagnosed and differentiated from scar tissue with 18F-FDG PET. In addition, 18F-FDG PET may play a valuable role in the follow up of patients who undergo chemotherapy and radiation therapy, allowing early changes in treatment for unresponsive tumors. The management of most patients with esophageal cancer can be improved with the use of 18F-FDG PET.
Because of the poor prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer and the risks associated with surgical intervention, accurate staging is essential for optimal treatment planning. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a useful adjunct to more conventional imaging modalities in this setting. 18F-FDG PET is not an appropriate first-line diagnostic procedure in the detection of esophageal cancer and is not helpful in detecting local invasion by the primary tumor. However, 18F-FDG PET is superior to anatomic imaging modalities in the ability to detect distant metastases. Metastases to the liver, lungs, and skeleton can readily be identified at 18F-FDG PET. In addition, 18F-FDG PET has proved valuable in determining the respectability of disease and allows scanning of a larger volume, which is possible with computed tomography. Recurrent disease is readily diagnosed and differentiated from scar tissue with 18F-FDG PET. In addition, 18F-FDG PET may play a valuable role in the follow up of patients who undergo chemotherapy and radiation therapy, allowing early changes in treatment for unresponsive tumors. The management of most patients with esophageal cancer can be improved with the use of 18F-FDG PET.
2007, 31(1): 34-36.
Abstract:
Conventional diagnostic techniques are not very accurate in detection tumor recurrence and restaging tumor. As a functional metabolic imaging modality, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET can detect tumor recurrence at early stage, accurately differentiate postoperative scar from recurrence, and provide comprehensive information about restaging, but some false positive and false negative exist. Fusion PET and CT can help correctly interpret the PET image, and is accurate in location and diagnosis. Integrated PET-CT will have wider application in tumors.
Conventional diagnostic techniques are not very accurate in detection tumor recurrence and restaging tumor. As a functional metabolic imaging modality, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET can detect tumor recurrence at early stage, accurately differentiate postoperative scar from recurrence, and provide comprehensive information about restaging, but some false positive and false negative exist. Fusion PET and CT can help correctly interpret the PET image, and is accurate in location and diagnosis. Integrated PET-CT will have wider application in tumors.
2007, 31(1): 37-39,54.
Abstract:
Objective To explore the protection of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on radiationinduced acute brain injuries. Methods 60 maturity Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:blank control group, experimental control group and experimental-therapeutic group. The whole brain of SD rats of experimental control group and experimental-therapeutic group was irradiated to a dose of 20Gy using 6 MeV electron. MgSO4 was injected intraperitoneally into the rats of experimental-therapeutic group before and after irradiation for five times. At different time points ranging from the 1 d, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d after irradiation, the brain tissue were taken. The xanthine oxidase and colorimetric examination were used to measure the superoxide dismurtase (SOD) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) respectively in the rat brain respectively. Results Compared with blank control group, the SOD in brain of experimental control group decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the MDA in brain in experimental control group increased markedly (P<0.05). Compared with that of the experimental control group, the SOD in brain in experimental-therapeutic group were climbing since 7 d later after irradiation, the MDA in brain significantly lower than those experimental control group(P<0.05). Conclusions MgSO4 used in early stage can inhibit the lipid peroxidation after radiation-induced acute brain injuries and alleviate the damage induced by free radicals to brain tissue.
Objective To explore the protection of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) on radiationinduced acute brain injuries. Methods 60 maturity Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:blank control group, experimental control group and experimental-therapeutic group. The whole brain of SD rats of experimental control group and experimental-therapeutic group was irradiated to a dose of 20Gy using 6 MeV electron. MgSO4 was injected intraperitoneally into the rats of experimental-therapeutic group before and after irradiation for five times. At different time points ranging from the 1 d, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d after irradiation, the brain tissue were taken. The xanthine oxidase and colorimetric examination were used to measure the superoxide dismurtase (SOD) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) respectively in the rat brain respectively. Results Compared with blank control group, the SOD in brain of experimental control group decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the MDA in brain in experimental control group increased markedly (P<0.05). Compared with that of the experimental control group, the SOD in brain in experimental-therapeutic group were climbing since 7 d later after irradiation, the MDA in brain significantly lower than those experimental control group(P<0.05). Conclusions MgSO4 used in early stage can inhibit the lipid peroxidation after radiation-induced acute brain injuries and alleviate the damage induced by free radicals to brain tissue.
2007, 31(1): 40-44.
Abstract:
The underlying mechanisms of radiated-induced brain injury (RBI) remain incompletely clear. Pathophysiological data indicate that the development of RBI involves complex and dynamic interactions between neurons, glia, and vascular endothehal cells within thecentral nervous system (CNS). Radiated-induced injury in the CNS can be modulated by the therapies directed at altering steps in the cascade of events leading to the clinical expression of normal tissue injury. Some neuroprotective strategies are also addressed in the review.
The underlying mechanisms of radiated-induced brain injury (RBI) remain incompletely clear. Pathophysiological data indicate that the development of RBI involves complex and dynamic interactions between neurons, glia, and vascular endothehal cells within thecentral nervous system (CNS). Radiated-induced injury in the CNS can be modulated by the therapies directed at altering steps in the cascade of events leading to the clinical expression of normal tissue injury. Some neuroprotective strategies are also addressed in the review.
2007, 31(1): 44-47.
Abstract:
It has a good application prospect to predict effeets of radiotherapy by examining radiosensitivity of patients with cervical cancers before their radiotherapy. Prediction of tumor cell radiosensitivity according to their level of gene expression and gene therapy to reverse radio-resistance prior to radiation on cervical cancers are heated researches on tumor therapy. The expression of some proliferation-related genes, apeptosis-related genes and hypoxia-related genes can inerease the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer. Microarray technology may have more direct applications to the study of biological pathway contributing to radiation resistance and may lead to development of alternative treatment modalities.
It has a good application prospect to predict effeets of radiotherapy by examining radiosensitivity of patients with cervical cancers before their radiotherapy. Prediction of tumor cell radiosensitivity according to their level of gene expression and gene therapy to reverse radio-resistance prior to radiation on cervical cancers are heated researches on tumor therapy. The expression of some proliferation-related genes, apeptosis-related genes and hypoxia-related genes can inerease the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer. Microarray technology may have more direct applications to the study of biological pathway contributing to radiation resistance and may lead to development of alternative treatment modalities.
2007, 31(1): 48-50.
Abstract:
Mechanism of radiosensitivity is very complex, there has been no definite explanation up to now. According to literatures, changing tumor microenvironment, clear free radical and electron, making cell cycle synchronization, suppressing repairment of DNA injury, promoting apoptosis and biological reduction are the main mechanisms. Studying mechanisms of radiosensitivity will help to improve the effect of radiotherapy.
Mechanism of radiosensitivity is very complex, there has been no definite explanation up to now. According to literatures, changing tumor microenvironment, clear free radical and electron, making cell cycle synchronization, suppressing repairment of DNA injury, promoting apoptosis and biological reduction are the main mechanisms. Studying mechanisms of radiosensitivity will help to improve the effect of radiotherapy.
2007, 31(1): 51-54.
Abstract:
After twenty years of Chernobyl accident, the international conference was hold in Kyiv, Ukraine, 24-26, April in 2006. During the conference WHO declares the paper named health effects of the Chernobyl accident. The report look back the nuclear accident in the history, and then recite conclusion about health effects of the Chernobyl accident, which from doses received from the Chernobyl accident, thyroid cancer, non-thyroid solid cancer, leukemia, mortality, cataract and cardiovascular disease. The report is considered as milestone events in the studying of health effects of Chernobyl accident.
After twenty years of Chernobyl accident, the international conference was hold in Kyiv, Ukraine, 24-26, April in 2006. During the conference WHO declares the paper named health effects of the Chernobyl accident. The report look back the nuclear accident in the history, and then recite conclusion about health effects of the Chernobyl accident, which from doses received from the Chernobyl accident, thyroid cancer, non-thyroid solid cancer, leukemia, mortality, cataract and cardiovascular disease. The report is considered as milestone events in the studying of health effects of Chernobyl accident.
2007, 31(1): 55-57.
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) on pancreatic cancer. Methods Sixteen patients were treated with SRT, tumor volume 26.5~116.5cm3, single tumor dosage ranged from 3Gy to 5Gy in 10 to 20 fractions, five fractions per week. Patients were followed clinically and image. Results The overall response rate (CR+PR) was 81.2%; the life quality has been improved in evidence. The median survival time was 11 months; the most reason of death was metastasis:The evaluation for acute and late complications related to the treatment was base on RTOG standard, 68.7% patients developed acute complications, and one patient had developed grievously later responses. Conclusion Stereotactic radiotherapy can be used effectively to local control in patients with pancreas cancer, improves life quality, and complications related to the treatment can be accepted by clinically, but tumor metastasis is significantly related with the survival time of patients, combined chemotherapy may be improve survival rate of the patients.
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) on pancreatic cancer. Methods Sixteen patients were treated with SRT, tumor volume 26.5~116.5cm3, single tumor dosage ranged from 3Gy to 5Gy in 10 to 20 fractions, five fractions per week. Patients were followed clinically and image. Results The overall response rate (CR+PR) was 81.2%; the life quality has been improved in evidence. The median survival time was 11 months; the most reason of death was metastasis:The evaluation for acute and late complications related to the treatment was base on RTOG standard, 68.7% patients developed acute complications, and one patient had developed grievously later responses. Conclusion Stereotactic radiotherapy can be used effectively to local control in patients with pancreas cancer, improves life quality, and complications related to the treatment can be accepted by clinically, but tumor metastasis is significantly related with the survival time of patients, combined chemotherapy may be improve survival rate of the patients.
2007, 31(1): 58-60.
Abstract:
Modern advances in computers have fueled advances in imaging technologies. The improvements in imaging have in turn allowed a higher level of complexity to be incorporated into radiotherapy treatment planning systems. As a result of these changes, the delivery of radiotherapy evolved from therapy designed based primarily on plain (two dimensional) X-ray images and hand calculations to three-dimensional X-ray based images incorporating increasingly complex computer algorithms. More recently, biologic variables based on differences between tumor metabolism, tumor antigens, and normal tissues have been incorporated into the treatment process. In addition, greater awareness of the challenges to the accuracy of the treatment planning process, such as problems with set-error and organ movement, have begun to be systematically addressed, ushering in an era of socalled four-dimensional radiotherapy.
Modern advances in computers have fueled advances in imaging technologies. The improvements in imaging have in turn allowed a higher level of complexity to be incorporated into radiotherapy treatment planning systems. As a result of these changes, the delivery of radiotherapy evolved from therapy designed based primarily on plain (two dimensional) X-ray images and hand calculations to three-dimensional X-ray based images incorporating increasingly complex computer algorithms. More recently, biologic variables based on differences between tumor metabolism, tumor antigens, and normal tissues have been incorporated into the treatment process. In addition, greater awareness of the challenges to the accuracy of the treatment planning process, such as problems with set-error and organ movement, have begun to be systematically addressed, ushering in an era of socalled four-dimensional radiotherapy.
2007, 31(1): 61-63.
Abstract:
Microdosimetry plays an important role in the clinical application of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). There is increasing interest to develop a set of microdosimetry model, which can exactly describe the nonuniformly distribution of dose at cellar or sub-cellar level as well as conveniently used in clinic. In this paper, will give emphasis to the introduction of some common methods of microdosimtry and some affective factors reported in current reseaches on BNCT.
Microdosimetry plays an important role in the clinical application of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). There is increasing interest to develop a set of microdosimetry model, which can exactly describe the nonuniformly distribution of dose at cellar or sub-cellar level as well as conveniently used in clinic. In this paper, will give emphasis to the introduction of some common methods of microdosimtry and some affective factors reported in current reseaches on BNCT.
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