2006 Vol. 30, No. 4
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2006, 30(4): 193-195.
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Abstract:
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of breast cancer. The recurrence of breast cancer after radiotherapy is considered to be related with radioresistance in breast cancer cells. Various factors, extranuclear and intranuclear, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, epidermal growth factor, human epidermal growth factor receptors, p53, c-erb B2, Bcl-2, BRCA1, BRCA2, telomeres and gene expression signature, that have been implicated to influence the radiation response.
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of breast cancer. The recurrence of breast cancer after radiotherapy is considered to be related with radioresistance in breast cancer cells. Various factors, extranuclear and intranuclear, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, epidermal growth factor, human epidermal growth factor receptors, p53, c-erb B2, Bcl-2, BRCA1, BRCA2, telomeres and gene expression signature, that have been implicated to influence the radiation response.
2006, 30(4): 196-198.
Abstract:
Glucaric acid (GLA) is a six-carbon dicarboxylic acid sugar, one of the natural endogenous end-eatabolite of glueose, whieh is normally present in tissues and body fluids. It ean be labeled with 99mTc. In this review we diseuss the synthesis of GLA and the investigation of 99mTc-GLA inelude the preparation of the kit, myocardiol infarction imaging and some tumor imaging (espeeially in breast tumor imaging). All the researches suggest that 99mTc-GLA is a potential imaging for myocardiol infarction imaging and tumor imaging.
Glucaric acid (GLA) is a six-carbon dicarboxylic acid sugar, one of the natural endogenous end-eatabolite of glueose, whieh is normally present in tissues and body fluids. It ean be labeled with 99mTc. In this review we diseuss the synthesis of GLA and the investigation of 99mTc-GLA inelude the preparation of the kit, myocardiol infarction imaging and some tumor imaging (espeeially in breast tumor imaging). All the researches suggest that 99mTc-GLA is a potential imaging for myocardiol infarction imaging and tumor imaging.
2006, 30(4): 199-202.
Abstract:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, the pathological features of AD include neuritic plaques composed of beta-amyloid protein, neurofibrillary tangles. Direct imaging of amyloid load in patients with AD in vivo would be useful for the early diagnosis of AD and the development and assessment of new treatment strategies. Different strategies are being used to develop compounds suitable for in vivo imaging of amyloid deposits in human brains. Two compounds, 18F-FDDNP and 11C-PIB, both show more binding in the brains of patients with AD than in those of healthy people. Additional compounds will probably be developed that are suitable not only for PET but also for single photon emission CT (SPECT).
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, the pathological features of AD include neuritic plaques composed of beta-amyloid protein, neurofibrillary tangles. Direct imaging of amyloid load in patients with AD in vivo would be useful for the early diagnosis of AD and the development and assessment of new treatment strategies. Different strategies are being used to develop compounds suitable for in vivo imaging of amyloid deposits in human brains. Two compounds, 18F-FDDNP and 11C-PIB, both show more binding in the brains of patients with AD than in those of healthy people. Additional compounds will probably be developed that are suitable not only for PET but also for single photon emission CT (SPECT).
2006, 30(4): 202-205.
Abstract:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The characteristic pathological lesions are deposits of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles after postmortem examination, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular probes targeting at β-amyloid plaques or acetylchergic is one of the most reliable tools for AD early detection.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The characteristic pathological lesions are deposits of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles after postmortem examination, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The positron emission tomography (PET) molecular probes targeting at β-amyloid plaques or acetylchergic is one of the most reliable tools for AD early detection.
2006, 30(4): 206-209.
Abstract:
Objective To search for the mechanism of 32P-colloid perfusion therapy in the animalmodels of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Methods 32P-colloid were injected into the male sheep maxillary sinuses of the animal-models of chronic maxillary sinusitis in different dosage group. The changes of bacteria and mucosael pathomorphology were observed by periodic germicuhure and pathology in 1, 3, 6 months after injection. Results After 32P-colloid perfusion therapy, the amounts of bacterial species and chronic phlogistic cells were remarkable reduced, and the structure of cilia cells did not change. The curable rate was 83.3% in 6 months. There were remarkable difference in groups. Conclusions 32P-colloid was provided with antibiosis and ruducing chronic phlogistic responses. We had found the optimal dose of 32P-colloid perfusion in the maxillary sinuses through the study. The curable rate of single dose of 32P-colloid perfusion in the maxillary sinuses was higher than other therapy, 32P-colloid perfusion was simple and convenient. There was high selectivity of 32P in the target organ, when there was no effect on other important organs through radiobiological measurement.
Objective To search for the mechanism of 32P-colloid perfusion therapy in the animalmodels of chronic maxillary sinusitis. Methods 32P-colloid were injected into the male sheep maxillary sinuses of the animal-models of chronic maxillary sinusitis in different dosage group. The changes of bacteria and mucosael pathomorphology were observed by periodic germicuhure and pathology in 1, 3, 6 months after injection. Results After 32P-colloid perfusion therapy, the amounts of bacterial species and chronic phlogistic cells were remarkable reduced, and the structure of cilia cells did not change. The curable rate was 83.3% in 6 months. There were remarkable difference in groups. Conclusions 32P-colloid was provided with antibiosis and ruducing chronic phlogistic responses. We had found the optimal dose of 32P-colloid perfusion in the maxillary sinuses through the study. The curable rate of single dose of 32P-colloid perfusion in the maxillary sinuses was higher than other therapy, 32P-colloid perfusion was simple and convenient. There was high selectivity of 32P in the target organ, when there was no effect on other important organs through radiobiological measurement.
2006, 30(4): 210-213.
Abstract:
Apoptosis plays an important role in tumor processes. Successful therapy induces apoptosis of neoplastic cells in tumor tissue. Apoptosis 99mTc labelled annexin V imaging enables noninvasive in vivo detect treatment-induced apoptosis on the early stage. It will be useful in early assessment the efficacy of cancer therapies and disease prognosis in individual patients.
Apoptosis plays an important role in tumor processes. Successful therapy induces apoptosis of neoplastic cells in tumor tissue. Apoptosis 99mTc labelled annexin V imaging enables noninvasive in vivo detect treatment-induced apoptosis on the early stage. It will be useful in early assessment the efficacy of cancer therapies and disease prognosis in individual patients.
2006, 30(4): 214-217.
Abstract:
There are many methods that evaluate and predicate the therapeutic effects of tumors, including physical examination, common imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI etc) and tumor marker etc. But these methods have many limits, for example:more subjective, less sensitivity etc. The relative biological features as angiogenesis, apoptosis, hypoxic and proliferation can be reflected by PET early and correctly. So, we can diagnose tumor, predict and evaluate its therapeutic effects by PET used the accorded tracers that reflect the above biological features. Helping clinical doctors to make therapeutic methods.
There are many methods that evaluate and predicate the therapeutic effects of tumors, including physical examination, common imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI etc) and tumor marker etc. But these methods have many limits, for example:more subjective, less sensitivity etc. The relative biological features as angiogenesis, apoptosis, hypoxic and proliferation can be reflected by PET early and correctly. So, we can diagnose tumor, predict and evaluate its therapeutic effects by PET used the accorded tracers that reflect the above biological features. Helping clinical doctors to make therapeutic methods.
2006, 30(4): 217-219.
Abstract:
Higher expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) on the surface of cells of the neuroendocrine tumor and some nonneuroendocrine tumor. Somatostatin analogues, such as octreotide, which holding a long time of action, high affinity with SSTR, and can be labeled by radionuclides and used in SSTR tumor scintigraphy. This is an interesting and important methods for evaluating the diagnosis, stage and prognosis of tumor. So it is a valuable supplemental tool to tumor diagnosis in routine imageological examination.
Higher expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) on the surface of cells of the neuroendocrine tumor and some nonneuroendocrine tumor. Somatostatin analogues, such as octreotide, which holding a long time of action, high affinity with SSTR, and can be labeled by radionuclides and used in SSTR tumor scintigraphy. This is an interesting and important methods for evaluating the diagnosis, stage and prognosis of tumor. So it is a valuable supplemental tool to tumor diagnosis in routine imageological examination.
2006, 30(4): 220-222.
Abstract:
99mTc-HL91 is a hypoxic agent and can be uptaken by hypoxic issues or cells of malignant tumors. It may be able to provide the information directly in detection of hypoxic status of tumors through imaging. It may be used not only in the early diagnosis of malignant tumors, but also in dynamic detection of hypoxic status of tumors. Thus significant information may be obtained for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
99mTc-HL91 is a hypoxic agent and can be uptaken by hypoxic issues or cells of malignant tumors. It may be able to provide the information directly in detection of hypoxic status of tumors through imaging. It may be used not only in the early diagnosis of malignant tumors, but also in dynamic detection of hypoxic status of tumors. Thus significant information may be obtained for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
2006, 30(4): 222-224.
Abstract:
The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing recently. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in the diagnosis and treat of breast cancer:breast scintigraphy in the diagnosis of breast cancer, the detection of sentinel lymph node using radioisotope, skeleton scintigraphy in the diagnosis of osseous metastasis, the application of PET in breast cancer, for instance.
The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing recently. Nuclear medicine plays an important role in the diagnosis and treat of breast cancer:breast scintigraphy in the diagnosis of breast cancer, the detection of sentinel lymph node using radioisotope, skeleton scintigraphy in the diagnosis of osseous metastasis, the application of PET in breast cancer, for instance.
2006, 30(4): 225-228,231.
Abstract:
Molecular imaging of breast cancer continues to rapidly expand due to improvements in both instrumentation and newer, more specific tracers.18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is still the most widely used tumor imaging agent, but a multitude of new PET tracers are under development, many of which are aimed at targeting cellular processes that are more specific than glucose metabolism. These tracers include thymidine analogs such as 18F-fluoro-L-thymidine (FLT) that target DNA replication as a measure of cell proliferation, annexin V derivatives that evaluate apoptosis, estrogen receptor(ER)tracers such as 16α-(18F-fluoroestradiol-17β, FES), and engineered antibody fragments that directly target HER-2/neu receptors. PET-CT inline scanning was applicated more and more widely. Other new scanning devices are also being developed, including small gantry PET scanners designed specifically for breast imaging, and handheld PET probes for direct intraoperative localization of tracer-avid tumor foci.
Molecular imaging of breast cancer continues to rapidly expand due to improvements in both instrumentation and newer, more specific tracers.18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is still the most widely used tumor imaging agent, but a multitude of new PET tracers are under development, many of which are aimed at targeting cellular processes that are more specific than glucose metabolism. These tracers include thymidine analogs such as 18F-fluoro-L-thymidine (FLT) that target DNA replication as a measure of cell proliferation, annexin V derivatives that evaluate apoptosis, estrogen receptor(ER)tracers such as 16α-(18F-fluoroestradiol-17β, FES), and engineered antibody fragments that directly target HER-2/neu receptors. PET-CT inline scanning was applicated more and more widely. Other new scanning devices are also being developed, including small gantry PET scanners designed specifically for breast imaging, and handheld PET probes for direct intraoperative localization of tracer-avid tumor foci.
2006, 30(4): 229-231.
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of nuclide bone imaging in malignant lymphoma. Methods 71 cases of patients were diagnosed by pathology as malignant lymphoma, among whom there were 8 cases of Hodgkin disease(HL) and 63 cases of non-Hodgkin disease (NHL). The examinations were performed from 2.5 to 6 hours later after the intravenous injection of 99mTc-MDP (555-925MBq). Results 31 cases were bone-infiltrating lesions, including 3 cases of HL and 28 cases of NHL The total number of the focus was 103, except 2 cases of bone lack, including 35 foci in vertebral column (34.65%), 30 foci in limb and joint (29.70%), 14 foci in rib (13.86%), 13 foci in elvis (12.9%), 5 foci in skull (4.95%) and 4 foci in sternum (3.96%). Conclusion The nuclide bone imaging has a high value in the clinical stage, therapeutic observation and prognosis of bone-infiltrating malignant lymphoma.
Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of nuclide bone imaging in malignant lymphoma. Methods 71 cases of patients were diagnosed by pathology as malignant lymphoma, among whom there were 8 cases of Hodgkin disease(HL) and 63 cases of non-Hodgkin disease (NHL). The examinations were performed from 2.5 to 6 hours later after the intravenous injection of 99mTc-MDP (555-925MBq). Results 31 cases were bone-infiltrating lesions, including 3 cases of HL and 28 cases of NHL The total number of the focus was 103, except 2 cases of bone lack, including 35 foci in vertebral column (34.65%), 30 foci in limb and joint (29.70%), 14 foci in rib (13.86%), 13 foci in elvis (12.9%), 5 foci in skull (4.95%) and 4 foci in sternum (3.96%). Conclusion The nuclide bone imaging has a high value in the clinical stage, therapeutic observation and prognosis of bone-infiltrating malignant lymphoma.
2006, 30(4): 232-234.
Abstract:
Objective To study the relationship between the hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), Pre-S1 antigen (Pre-S1), Pre-S2 antigen (Pre-S2) and DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods The blood samples of 268 cases of viral B hepatitis were collected. The HBV DNA of all samples were tested by fluorescent-quantitating PCR method, and HBeAg were assayed by time-resolved fluoroim-munoassay method, and their Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay method. Results The positive rates of HBeAg, Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 in HBV DNA positive group were 48.2%, 76.4% and 100% respectively, and 1.6%, 36.3% and 32.3% respectively in HBV DNA negative group. There was significantly difference between the HBeAg, Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 positive rates of the two groups (Chi-square test, P<0.01). Conclusions There was positive relationship between the HBeAg, Pre-S1, Pre-S2 and DNA which all were indicators of HBV reproduction. Comparing to HBV DNA, Pre-S2 was the most, Pre-S1 the second, and HBeAg the third sensitive indicator for evaluating HBV reproduction. Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 could be used as the supplementary indicator for the reproduction of HBV.
Objective To study the relationship between the hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), Pre-S1 antigen (Pre-S1), Pre-S2 antigen (Pre-S2) and DNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods The blood samples of 268 cases of viral B hepatitis were collected. The HBV DNA of all samples were tested by fluorescent-quantitating PCR method, and HBeAg were assayed by time-resolved fluoroim-munoassay method, and their Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay method. Results The positive rates of HBeAg, Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 in HBV DNA positive group were 48.2%, 76.4% and 100% respectively, and 1.6%, 36.3% and 32.3% respectively in HBV DNA negative group. There was significantly difference between the HBeAg, Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 positive rates of the two groups (Chi-square test, P<0.01). Conclusions There was positive relationship between the HBeAg, Pre-S1, Pre-S2 and DNA which all were indicators of HBV reproduction. Comparing to HBV DNA, Pre-S2 was the most, Pre-S1 the second, and HBeAg the third sensitive indicator for evaluating HBV reproduction. Pre-S1 and Pre-S2 could be used as the supplementary indicator for the reproduction of HBV.
2006, 30(4): 234-236.
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate function of transplanted spleen fromitself posteroperitoneum in several wounded spleen with radionuclide spleen imaging. Methods To observe function of transplanted spleen from itself with 99mTc-sodium phytate colloid and 99mTc-hot denaturation of red cell. Results Seven patients of transplanted spleen from itself were alive and thein SPECT imaging were fairly clear in two week three month and six month after operation respectively. Conclusion 99mTc-sodium phytate colloid and 99mTc-hot denaturation of red cell is a effective method to observe survive shape function of transplanted spleen from itself in seueral wounded spleen.
Objective To evaluate function of transplanted spleen fromitself posteroperitoneum in several wounded spleen with radionuclide spleen imaging. Methods To observe function of transplanted spleen from itself with 99mTc-sodium phytate colloid and 99mTc-hot denaturation of red cell. Results Seven patients of transplanted spleen from itself were alive and thein SPECT imaging were fairly clear in two week three month and six month after operation respectively. Conclusion 99mTc-sodium phytate colloid and 99mTc-hot denaturation of red cell is a effective method to observe survive shape function of transplanted spleen from itself in seueral wounded spleen.
2006, 30(4): 237-239.
Abstract:
Integrins are a group of significant cell adhesion molecules and participate in the regulation of critical functions through cellular signal trusduction, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and so on. The integrin-mediated signaling, meanwhile, may activate a variety of protein kinases after ionizing radiation, and then form different intracellular signal pathways in order to regulate the expression of gene. As consequence, these signal pathways induce the reduction of the radiosensitivity of tumor cells for survival event. To understand integrin-mediated signal trasduciton, therefore, has the vital influence on the study of radiosensitizer and radiotherapy.
Integrins are a group of significant cell adhesion molecules and participate in the regulation of critical functions through cellular signal trusduction, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and so on. The integrin-mediated signaling, meanwhile, may activate a variety of protein kinases after ionizing radiation, and then form different intracellular signal pathways in order to regulate the expression of gene. As consequence, these signal pathways induce the reduction of the radiosensitivity of tumor cells for survival event. To understand integrin-mediated signal trasduciton, therefore, has the vital influence on the study of radiosensitizer and radiotherapy.
2006, 30(4): 240-243.
Abstract:
More and more evidence has been accumulated to indicate that epigenetic mechanisms play a important role in carcinogenesis. However, the studies on epigenetic mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis are at their dawn. Here the related concepts of DNA methylation and epigenetics were introduced, and summarized the studies on radiation-induced DNA methylation changes in recent years and its meaning to radiation carcinogenesis.
More and more evidence has been accumulated to indicate that epigenetic mechanisms play a important role in carcinogenesis. However, the studies on epigenetic mechanisms of radiation carcinogenesis are at their dawn. Here the related concepts of DNA methylation and epigenetics were introduced, and summarized the studies on radiation-induced DNA methylation changes in recent years and its meaning to radiation carcinogenesis.
2006, 30(4): 244-246.
Abstract:
The over-dose radiation therapy of spinal cord metastases can induce damage. It was a very stuff work to minimize the possibility of spinal damage and increase the possibility of tumor control.
The over-dose radiation therapy of spinal cord metastases can induce damage. It was a very stuff work to minimize the possibility of spinal damage and increase the possibility of tumor control.
2006, 30(4): 247-249.
Abstract:
Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) is considered as a key cytokine in the radiationinduced fibrotic program and it can also work as discusses the characters and functions of TGF-β1 as radiotherapy. a predictor of radiation pneumonitis. This review well as the role of this cytokine in lung injury after radiotherapy.
Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) is considered as a key cytokine in the radiationinduced fibrotic program and it can also work as discusses the characters and functions of TGF-β1 as radiotherapy. a predictor of radiation pneumonitis. This review well as the role of this cytokine in lung injury after radiotherapy.
2006, 30(4): 250-253.
Abstract:
The way about oncotherapy include radio therapy and gene therapy,in the recent years there are some improve about the therapy alliance, by the mechanism of improving the efficiency of the gene transfering, the recombination and conform of the DNA and induction the expressiong of the gene et. The radiotherapy can enhance the effect of the gene therapy. By the mechanism of improving of radiosensitivitysome, reducing the radiation damage of radiotherapy, repairing the radiation impaired gene the gene therapy can enhance the effect of the radiotherapy.
The way about oncotherapy include radio therapy and gene therapy,in the recent years there are some improve about the therapy alliance, by the mechanism of improving the efficiency of the gene transfering, the recombination and conform of the DNA and induction the expressiong of the gene et. The radiotherapy can enhance the effect of the gene therapy. By the mechanism of improving of radiosensitivitysome, reducing the radiation damage of radiotherapy, repairing the radiation impaired gene the gene therapy can enhance the effect of the radiotherapy.
2006, 30(4): 253-256.
Abstract:
How to monitor and track the survival, migration and differentiation of grafted stem cell in vivo is necessary for the widespread clinically application of stem cell transplantation. Manegtic resonance imaging(MRI), which can display and specifically track and localize labelled stem cell by paramagnetically labelling of the stem cell, is an extremely prospective method to monitor stem cell in vivo. The ferrum and gadlinium derviative contrast agents were mainly used to paramagnetically label the stem cell, and each had its own advantages and disadvatages. Currently, on the basis of paramagnetically labelling of the stem cell with ferrum and gadlinium derviative contrast agents, MRI had been succeessfully used to monitor the stem cell in vivo and had been applied into animal model of the heart and brain stroke, but these are still some problems exist such as the selection of vehicle transferring the contrast agents into stem cells, the labeling efficiency, the duration of labelling and the viablity and heredity changes of the stem cell after labelling.
How to monitor and track the survival, migration and differentiation of grafted stem cell in vivo is necessary for the widespread clinically application of stem cell transplantation. Manegtic resonance imaging(MRI), which can display and specifically track and localize labelled stem cell by paramagnetically labelling of the stem cell, is an extremely prospective method to monitor stem cell in vivo. The ferrum and gadlinium derviative contrast agents were mainly used to paramagnetically label the stem cell, and each had its own advantages and disadvatages. Currently, on the basis of paramagnetically labelling of the stem cell with ferrum and gadlinium derviative contrast agents, MRI had been succeessfully used to monitor the stem cell in vivo and had been applied into animal model of the heart and brain stroke, but these are still some problems exist such as the selection of vehicle transferring the contrast agents into stem cells, the labeling efficiency, the duration of labelling and the viablity and heredity changes of the stem cell after labelling.
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