2000 Vol. 24, No. 4
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2000, 24(4): 145-147.
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Abstract:
Early and accurate diagnosis of angiopathy or infection of the diabetic foot is the key to the successful management. Radionuclide imaging is very useful in detecting diabetic microangiopathy, assessing the prognosis of foot ulcers, and diagnosing the osteomyelitis.
Early and accurate diagnosis of angiopathy or infection of the diabetic foot is the key to the successful management. Radionuclide imaging is very useful in detecting diabetic microangiopathy, assessing the prognosis of foot ulcers, and diagnosing the osteomyelitis.
2000, 24(4): 148-151.
Abstract:
The mechanisms of brain radiation injury mainly include three hypotheses: vascular injury, glial cells damage and immune response. Most scholars' studies have recently supported the former two ones. Vascular in-jury plays a major role in the effect of delayed radiation injury. Focal brain injury and diffuse white matter injury can be definitely diagnosed by CT and MRI. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in MRI shows high sensitivity in water contents, and is not affected by the beamhardening arifacts from the cranial base. Compared with CT, the sensitivity of MR for detecting white matter lesions is two to threefold higher. When lesions occrs at the site of an irradiated cerebral tumor, tumor recurrence and focal cerebral necrosis cannot be differentiated by CT or MR, PET and MRS now present a certain advantage of differential diagnosis. Tumoror presents high metabolism and necrosis demonstrates low metabolism by utilizing PET scanning, however PET's sensitivity and specificity are far from satisfactory. The amount or ratio of metabolic products in the region of interest measured by MRS contributes to the deferential diagnosis. In addition, PET functmnal imaging and MRS can also predict the early asymptomatic reversible radiation injury so as to allow the early therapy of steroids andpossibly other drugs, prior to the development of irreversible changes.
The mechanisms of brain radiation injury mainly include three hypotheses: vascular injury, glial cells damage and immune response. Most scholars' studies have recently supported the former two ones. Vascular in-jury plays a major role in the effect of delayed radiation injury. Focal brain injury and diffuse white matter injury can be definitely diagnosed by CT and MRI. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) in MRI shows high sensitivity in water contents, and is not affected by the beamhardening arifacts from the cranial base. Compared with CT, the sensitivity of MR for detecting white matter lesions is two to threefold higher. When lesions occrs at the site of an irradiated cerebral tumor, tumor recurrence and focal cerebral necrosis cannot be differentiated by CT or MR, PET and MRS now present a certain advantage of differential diagnosis. Tumoror presents high metabolism and necrosis demonstrates low metabolism by utilizing PET scanning, however PET's sensitivity and specificity are far from satisfactory. The amount or ratio of metabolic products in the region of interest measured by MRS contributes to the deferential diagnosis. In addition, PET functmnal imaging and MRS can also predict the early asymptomatic reversible radiation injury so as to allow the early therapy of steroids andpossibly other drugs, prior to the development of irreversible changes.
2000, 24(4): 152-154.
Abstract:
Scintigraphic gastric emptying has the advantages of simplicity, noninvasion, reproducibility, and accordance with physiological status and precision in locating. It has an important value in the etiological investigation of alimentary tract disease and gastrointestinal functional study, and has been considered to the gold standard for gastric emptying measurement. In this review, new techniques and new opinions on the methodology of radionuclide gastric emptying measurement, standardization of radiolabelled test meal, definition of ROI and factors influencing on the results were evaluated according to our clinical work or experience and literatures.
Scintigraphic gastric emptying has the advantages of simplicity, noninvasion, reproducibility, and accordance with physiological status and precision in locating. It has an important value in the etiological investigation of alimentary tract disease and gastrointestinal functional study, and has been considered to the gold standard for gastric emptying measurement. In this review, new techniques and new opinions on the methodology of radionuclide gastric emptying measurement, standardization of radiolabelled test meal, definition of ROI and factors influencing on the results were evaluated according to our clinical work or experience and literatures.
2000, 24(4): 155-157.
Abstract:
99Tcm-sestamibi was the first radiopharmaceutical to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for scintimammography. Some prospective studies have shown that the overall sensitivity of 99Tcm sestamibi scintimammography in detection of breast cancer was 85%, the specificity was 89%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 89% and 84% respectively. Scintimammography plays a special role in various clinical indications such as nondiagnostic or diffcult mammography and evaluation of high-risk patients, tumor response to chemotherapy, and axillary lymph node metastatic involvement.
99Tcm-sestamibi was the first radiopharmaceutical to be approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) for scintimammography. Some prospective studies have shown that the overall sensitivity of 99Tcm sestamibi scintimammography in detection of breast cancer was 85%, the specificity was 89%, and the positive and negative predictive values were 89% and 84% respectively. Scintimammography plays a special role in various clinical indications such as nondiagnostic or diffcult mammography and evaluation of high-risk patients, tumor response to chemotherapy, and axillary lymph node metastatic involvement.
2000, 24(4): 158-160.
Abstract:
The importance of radioimmunoimaging diagnosing in lung cancer has been appreciated more and more.this review elucidates its clinical application and associated technology.
The importance of radioimmunoimaging diagnosing in lung cancer has been appreciated more and more.this review elucidates its clinical application and associated technology.
2000, 24(4): 161-163.
Abstract:
FDA is the abbreviation of American Food and Drug Administration. Its main job is assuring the safety and reliability of the food, cosmetics, medicines, medical devices and radiation emitting products such as microwave oven, the food and medicine for animals. Radiopharmaceuticals are also under its management. In this review, the basic information of FDA and FDA approved radiopharmaceuticlas are introduced.
FDA is the abbreviation of American Food and Drug Administration. Its main job is assuring the safety and reliability of the food, cosmetics, medicines, medical devices and radiation emitting products such as microwave oven, the food and medicine for animals. Radiopharmaceuticals are also under its management. In this review, the basic information of FDA and FDA approved radiopharmaceuticlas are introduced.
2000, 24(4): 170-173.
Abstract:
The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) established a complete new concept on the cell signal transduction, i. e. the gas signal produced from one cell can pass through the cell membrane to regulate the functions of another cell. NO has unique physical and chemical natures. NO in vivo is synthesized by L-arginine and oxygen under the action of NO synthase (NOS). NOS mainly includes 3 kinds of subsets: endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NO S (iNOS). These NOSs are regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin, phosphorylation and NO. The biological functions of NO are very wide and bidirect. NO might facilitate the radiosensitivity of cells in vitro, but display a radioprotective effect in vivo.
The discovery of nitric oxide (NO) established a complete new concept on the cell signal transduction, i. e. the gas signal produced from one cell can pass through the cell membrane to regulate the functions of another cell. NO has unique physical and chemical natures. NO in vivo is synthesized by L-arginine and oxygen under the action of NO synthase (NOS). NOS mainly includes 3 kinds of subsets: endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NO S (iNOS). These NOSs are regulated by Ca2+/calmodulin, phosphorylation and NO. The biological functions of NO are very wide and bidirect. NO might facilitate the radiosensitivity of cells in vitro, but display a radioprotective effect in vivo.
2000, 24(4): 173-177.
Abstract:
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the primary regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis.Recent studies show that there is close relationship between TPO and hematopoietic stem cell.TPO can stimulate hematopoietic recovery af-ter radiation injury. TPO may have widespread use in such areas as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, platelets collection and separation.
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is the primary regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis.Recent studies show that there is close relationship between TPO and hematopoietic stem cell.TPO can stimulate hematopoietic recovery af-ter radiation injury. TPO may have widespread use in such areas as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, platelets collection and separation.
2000, 24(4): 177-180.
Abstract:
Several kinds of cytokines have been found the past decades. Most kinds of those cytokines exert the effects of irradiation-protection and accelerate the hemapoietic recovery. In this report, we reviewed the latest development in the roles played by the positive or negative cytokines in the treatment of bone marrow suppression caused by acute irradiation. The combinant effects of several kinds of cytokines in the treatment of those injuries were also discussed in the review.
Several kinds of cytokines have been found the past decades. Most kinds of those cytokines exert the effects of irradiation-protection and accelerate the hemapoietic recovery. In this report, we reviewed the latest development in the roles played by the positive or negative cytokines in the treatment of bone marrow suppression caused by acute irradiation. The combinant effects of several kinds of cytokines in the treatment of those injuries were also discussed in the review.
2000, 24(4): 180-183.
Abstract:
SCF is not needed by life, but also vital for prevention from ionic radiation and repairing of damage by radiation. It is discovered that SCF can distinctively elevate the survival ratio of animal irradiated by lethal dosage, especially when it cooperates with hemocytogenesis factor and anti-radiation agents. SCF can inhibit apoptosis, promote cell cycle, accelerate proliferation and differentiation of many factors in marrow and peripheral blood, as may be the protective mechanism of SCF. It's ability of apoptosis inhibition may be associated with p53, Ca2+ influx, and mediated by caspase.
SCF is not needed by life, but also vital for prevention from ionic radiation and repairing of damage by radiation. It is discovered that SCF can distinctively elevate the survival ratio of animal irradiated by lethal dosage, especially when it cooperates with hemocytogenesis factor and anti-radiation agents. SCF can inhibit apoptosis, promote cell cycle, accelerate proliferation and differentiation of many factors in marrow and peripheral blood, as may be the protective mechanism of SCF. It's ability of apoptosis inhibition may be associated with p53, Ca2+ influx, and mediated by caspase.
2000, 24(4): 183-185.
Abstract:
Hemotopoiesis completely depends on the regulation of the microenvironment. It has been indicated in the early and recent study the long-term effects of radiation on bone marrow microenvironment. It has been found in some experiments that after radiation the colony stimulating activity, the expression of growth factor (GMCSF) and adhesion molecule(V CAM-1) of the stroma cells was elevated.
Hemotopoiesis completely depends on the regulation of the microenvironment. It has been indicated in the early and recent study the long-term effects of radiation on bone marrow microenvironment. It has been found in some experiments that after radiation the colony stimulating activity, the expression of growth factor (GMCSF) and adhesion molecule(V CAM-1) of the stroma cells was elevated.
2000, 24(4): 186-188.
Abstract:
Research of molecular biology of radiation oncology has shown that radiosensitivity of tumor cells can be increased through the variety way of apoptosis induced; of molecules activated of DNA damage and repair of the tu-mor microenvironment and cell cycle regulated. These can decrease the damage of normal tissue.
Research of molecular biology of radiation oncology has shown that radiosensitivity of tumor cells can be increased through the variety way of apoptosis induced; of molecules activated of DNA damage and repair of the tu-mor microenvironment and cell cycle regulated. These can decrease the damage of normal tissue.
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