Volume 44 Issue 6
Aug.  2020
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Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected intraocular metastases

  • Objective To analyze the features and application value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting intraocular metastases. Methods A total of 53 patients with intraocular metastasis (54 eyes, including 1 case of binocular metastasis) diagnosed by pathology or clinical assessment at the Beijing Hospital and Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2011 to February 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients included 23 males and 30 females aged 22–73(52.7±11.6) years. All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, and the features and parameters of the resulting images, including maximum (SUVmax) and average (SUVmean) standardized uptakes, were analyzed. The value of PET/CT for the detection of primary tumors and metastases was then assessed. Analysis of variance was used to compare the data of multiple groups, and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine correlations. Results Intraocular metastases showed a variety of unique CT features, the most common of which was spindle-like soft tissue shadows. No significant linear relationship between the CT value and SUVmax or SUVmean (both r=−0.252; both P=0.088) among 47 cases of measurable intraocular metastasis was detected. SUVmax and SUVmean were positively correlated with their long, short, upper, and lower diameters (r=0.631–0.791; all P=0.000). The detection rate of the primary focus by PET/CT among 43 patients with no prior history of cancer was 97.7% (42/43). Among the cases of intraocular metastasis, 36 originated from lung cancer, 2 were from breast cancer, 1 was from esophageal cancer, 1 was from gastric cancer, 1 was from nasopharyngeal cancer, and 1 was from prostate cancer. PET/CT revealed 51 patients (51/53, 96.2%) with more than two metastatic lesions, 81.1% (43/53) with lymph node metastasis, and 79.2% (42/53) with bone metastasis. However, PET/CT may result in false negative findings for small intraocular and brain metastases. Conclusions Intraocular metastases exhibit a variety of distinct CT features, and only the SUV is related to the tumor size. 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for the diagnosis of intraocular metastases, exploration of primary tumors, and discovery of metastases in other sites.
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  • [1] Perls M. Beiträge zur Geschwulstlehre[J]. Archiv Pathol Anat, 1872, 56(4): 437−467. DOI: 10.1007/BF01973432.
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    [6] 丛春霞, 林锦镛, 王兰惠. 葡萄膜转移癌的临床病理学观察[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2016, 52(10): 769−774. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412−4081.2016.010.010.Cong CX, Lin JY, Wang LH. Clinical and pathologic observation of uveal metastatic carcinoma[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52(10): 769−774. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412−4081.2016.010.010.
    [7] 郑惠, 董东升. 脉络膜转移癌的临床诊断及鉴别分析[J]. 现代肿瘤医学, 2016, 24(20): 3202−3205. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672−4992.2016.20.008.Zheng H, Dong DS. Clinical diagnosis and identification of metastatic tumor of the choroid[J]. J Med Oncol, 2016, 24(20): 3202−3205. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672−4992.2016.20.008.
    [8] Papastefanou VP, Islam S, Szyszko T, et al. Metabolic activity of primary uveal melanoma on PET/CT scan and its relationship with monosomy 3 and other prognostic factors[J]. Br J Ophthalmol, 2014, 98(12): 1659−1665. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol−2014−305304.
    [9] Hübnr KF, Buonocore E, Gould HR, et al. Differentiating Benign from Malignant Lung Lesions Using "Quantitative" Parameters of FDG PET Images[J]. Clin Nucl Med, 1996, 21(12): 941−949. DOI: 10.1097/00003072−199612000−00005.
    [10] 葛冉, 赵丽霞, 田蓉, 等. <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET-CT在寻找转移瘤原发灶中的临床价值[J]. 中国临床医学影像杂志, 2012, 23(10): 722−726. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008−1062.2012.10.011.Ge R, Zhao LX, Tian R, et al. The role of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET-CT in the detection of primary lesions for patients with tumor metastasis[J]. J Chin Clin Med Imaging, 2012, 23(10): 722−726. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008−1062.2012.10.011.
    [11] Kwee TC, Kwee RM. Combined FDG-PET/CT for the detection of unknown primary tumors: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur Radiol, 2009, 19(3): 731−744. DOI: 10.1007/s00330−008−1194−4.
    [12] Patel P, Finger PT. Whole-Body <sup>18</sup>F FDG Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Evaluation of Patients With Uveal Metastasis[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2012, 153(4): 661−668. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.09.028.
    [13] 张毓艺, 姚稚明, 陈聪霞, 等. FDG PET/CT原发性代谢对非小细胞肺癌区域淋巴结转移预测价值[J]. 中华肿瘤防治杂志, 2018, 25(11): 816−820. DOI: 10.16073/j.cnki.cjcpt.2018.11.013.Zhang YY, Yao ZM, Chen CX, et al. Value of metabolism by using FDG PET/CT of NSCLC primary tumor in prediction of lymph node metastasis[J]. Chin J Cancer Prev Treat, 2018, 25(11): 816−820. DOI: 10.16073/j.cnki.cjcpt.2018.11.013.
    [14] Orsaria P, Chiaravalloti A, Caredda E, et al. Evaluation of the Usefulness of FDG-PET/CT for Nodal Staging of Breast Cancer[J]. Anticancer Res, 2018, 38(12): 6639−6652. DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13031.
    [15] Ho KC, Toh CH, Li SH, et al. Prognostic impact of combining whole-body PET/CT and brain PET/MR in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and brain metastases[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2019, 46(2): 467−477. DOI: 10.1007/s00259−018−4210−1.
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Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with suspected intraocular metastases

    Corresponding author: Zhiming Yao, yao.zhiming@163.com
  • 1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
  • 2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
  • 3. Department of Radiology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, China

Abstract:  Objective To analyze the features and application value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in detecting intraocular metastases. Methods A total of 53 patients with intraocular metastasis (54 eyes, including 1 case of binocular metastasis) diagnosed by pathology or clinical assessment at the Beijing Hospital and Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2011 to February 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. The patients included 23 males and 30 females aged 22–73(52.7±11.6) years. All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT, and the features and parameters of the resulting images, including maximum (SUVmax) and average (SUVmean) standardized uptakes, were analyzed. The value of PET/CT for the detection of primary tumors and metastases was then assessed. Analysis of variance was used to compare the data of multiple groups, and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine correlations. Results Intraocular metastases showed a variety of unique CT features, the most common of which was spindle-like soft tissue shadows. No significant linear relationship between the CT value and SUVmax or SUVmean (both r=−0.252; both P=0.088) among 47 cases of measurable intraocular metastasis was detected. SUVmax and SUVmean were positively correlated with their long, short, upper, and lower diameters (r=0.631–0.791; all P=0.000). The detection rate of the primary focus by PET/CT among 43 patients with no prior history of cancer was 97.7% (42/43). Among the cases of intraocular metastasis, 36 originated from lung cancer, 2 were from breast cancer, 1 was from esophageal cancer, 1 was from gastric cancer, 1 was from nasopharyngeal cancer, and 1 was from prostate cancer. PET/CT revealed 51 patients (51/53, 96.2%) with more than two metastatic lesions, 81.1% (43/53) with lymph node metastasis, and 79.2% (42/53) with bone metastasis. However, PET/CT may result in false negative findings for small intraocular and brain metastases. Conclusions Intraocular metastases exhibit a variety of distinct CT features, and only the SUV is related to the tumor size. 18F-FDG PET/CT is useful for the diagnosis of intraocular metastases, exploration of primary tumors, and discovery of metastases in other sites.

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  • 1872 年Perls [1]首次报道了恶性肿瘤的眼内转移,并一度被认为是眼内的罕见病症。之后陆续有类似报道,目前已经认为眼内转移瘤是成人最常见的眼内恶性肿瘤,经常是肿瘤扩散的迹象[2]。近年来,随着肿瘤发病率的升高、癌症患者寿命的延长、诊断技术的不断改进,其发病率呈逐渐升高的趋势[3]。尽管眼科影像学检查(如彩色多普勒超声、眼底血管造影、增强CT及MRI等)都能用于临床对眼内转移瘤的诊断,但无论哪种检查都有一定的局限性,不一定能准确诊断。有时即使可以明确眼部病变的良恶性,但对于确定原发、继发或转移性恶性肿瘤,是否同时存在全身其他部位的病变及疾病的分期不能完全显示。研究证实8%~30%的病例中转移瘤的诊断先于系统性肿瘤,而且进行一般筛查之后仍有51%的患者没有找到原发病灶[3]18F-FDG PET/CT为一次性检查,全身成像,既可以将眼内病变从形态(CT)到功能(PET)进行诊断,又可以发现有无其他脏器的转移及原发灶。因此,我们对行18F-FDG PET/CT检查的53例眼内转移瘤患者进行回顾性分析,总结眼内转移瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT影像学特点及应用价值,为临床诊断、分期和制定合理的治疗方案提供帮助。

1.   资料与方法

    1.1.   患者来源和入选标准

  • 患者来源:2011年3月至2019年2月因眼部症状就诊于北京医院和首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院眼科,临床疑诊眼内转移瘤或者其他影像学诊断不明确者。纳入标准:病理学确诊或临床医师根据患者临床症状、体征和各种检查结果、治疗结果综合判断为眼内转移瘤的患者。临床诊断眼内转移瘤需符合下述标准,且≥2条:(1)原发灶或其他部位转移灶取得病理学结果;(2)第二影像学结果支持眼内转移瘤诊断;(3)转移治疗后眼内病变缩小或眼部症状减轻;(4)未行任何治疗者随访时间为3~36个月,眼内病变增大或症状进展。排除标准:(1)转移瘤病变位于眼外或者病变主体位于眼外者;(2)最终诊断不明确或者最终诊断非眼内转移者。

  • 1.2.   一般资料

  • 共纳入眼内转移瘤患者53例(54只眼睛,双眼转移1例,单眼转移患者中,左眼25例、右眼27例),其中2例经病理学诊断、51例为临床诊断。53例患者中,男性23例、女性30例,年龄22~73(52.7±11.6)岁,≥45岁者42例。既往有肿瘤病史者10例(肺癌5例、乳腺癌3例、肾癌1例、肺癌和乳腺癌双癌患者1例),其中已知伴有其他部位转移者3例。所有患者均有眼部症状,无肿瘤病史且以眼部症状为首发症状者41例。53例眼内转移瘤患者最终确定原发肿瘤为肺癌42例,占79.2%;乳腺癌5例,占9.4%;食道癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌、前列腺癌、肾癌和原发病灶不明各1例。

  • 1.3.   图像采集

  • 患者检查前24 h内避免剧烈运动,禁食4~6 h以上,在空腹状态下注射18F-FDG 5.18 Bq/kg(北京原子高科股份有限公司生产,放射化学纯度>95%),平卧休息60 min后行PET/CT显像(德国西门子公司Biograph mCT 型)。先行CT扫描,管电压120 kV,管电流根据体重自动调节(care dose 100~120 mA),层厚3.0 mm;后行PET扫描,体部显像2 min/床位,头部显像6 min/床位。应用CT对数据进行衰减校正,迭代法重建,最终获得CT、PET及PET/CT融合图像。

  • 1.4.   图像分析及测量

  • 所有图像均由1位高级职称和1位中级职称的核医学科医师共同分析,中级职称医师进行图像测量。以目测确认病变放射性摄取最高的横断面,沿病灶边缘勾画ROI,由系统自动生成病变的SUVmax和平均标准化摄取值(mean standardized uptakevalue,SUVmean)。因眼内转移瘤患者可伴有出血或视网膜脱离等表现,平扫CT一般不能将其与其他病变区分,故测量的是PET病灶大小。在PET横断面测量病变的长径与短径,在矢状面测量病变的上下径。

  • 1.5.   统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS22.0软件进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的数据采用均数±标准差表示,多组计量数据之间的比较采用方差分析;相关性采用Pearson相关分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2.   结果

    2.1.   眼内转移瘤CT及PET表现

  • 眼内转移瘤在同机平扫CT上均表现为眼球壁稍厚(或可疑增厚)或眼球内软组织密度影,其中眼球壁稍厚或可疑增厚6例(7只眼睛),占13.0%(7/54);眼球内软组织密度影47例。眼内软组织密度影表现为不同形态:梭形17例(31.5%,17/54)、弧形10例(18.5%,10/54)、结节状或球形9例(16.7%,9/54)、V形及不规则形11例(20.4%,11/54)。眼内转移瘤患者中有6例(7只眼睛)无法测量CT值,其余47例病变CT值为33~70(47.43±6.84) HU。

    53例眼内转移瘤患者(54只眼睛)中,仅3例患者(4只眼睛)眼内病灶的放射性摄取未见异常,其中1例为病理学诊断(肾癌转移)、2例为临床诊断,此3例患者均伴有其他部位多发转移。1例原发肿瘤为肾透明细胞癌;1例为肺腺癌化疗后、靶向治疗中;1例为双眼视力进行性下降3个月,超声示双眼占位,性质待查,光学相干断层扫描示双眼黄斑区网膜稍隆起。 以上4处病变的平扫CT均表现为眼球壁稍厚或可疑增厚。其余50例眼内转移瘤患者的PET均表现为放射性摄取增高(92.6%,50/54),SUVmax=3.0~28.1(9.07±5.21)、SUVmean=2.0~16.6(5.72±3.04)。

    50例放射性摄取增高的转移瘤其不同CT形态组间SUV无明显差异(F=2.162,P=0.089)。47例可测量的眼内转移瘤CT值与SUVmax(9.33±5.24)、SUVmean(5.88±3.06)均无明显线性关系(均r=−0.252,均P=0.088)。

    眼内转移瘤患者中有18例伴随视网膜脱离或玻璃体出血,视网膜脱离或玻璃体出血部位对18F-FDG摄取无异常,而转移灶部位均呈放射性摄取增高。

  • 2.2.   眼内转移瘤SUV与病变大小、原发灶的关系

  • 50例放射性摄取异常增高转移瘤的长径为0.4~2.2 (1.16±0.49) cm、短径为0.3~1.2 (0.56±0.24) cm、上下径为0.2~1.8 (0.82±0.39) cm。 SUVmax、SUVmean均与PET的长径、短径、上下径呈显著正相关(r=0.631~0.791,均P=0.000)。

    在53例患者中,7例原发灶已切除或者经过放化疗后消失;1例原发灶未明,无法测量SUV;另有2例眼内病变放射性摄取未见异常。其余43例患者眼内转移瘤的SUVmax=3.0~28.1(9.46±5.41)、SUVmean=2.0~16.6(5.97±3.16);原发灶的SUVmax=5.5~21.6(12.64±3.68)、SUVmean=3.0~12.7(7.67±2.08)。转移灶表现为与原发灶相似的代谢特征,一般原发灶SUV较高者其转移灶的SUV也偏高,但二者SUV之间无明显线性相关(SUVmaxr=0.261,P=0.090;SUVmeanr=0.241,P=0.119)。

  • 2.3.   原发灶的寻找及全身情况的评估

  • 53例眼内转移瘤患者既往无肿瘤病史者43例,其中18例行PET/CT检查前疑诊为眼内转移瘤。PET/CT检查找到原发灶17例(94.4%),其中来源于肺癌15例、乳腺癌1例(图1)和胃癌1例。另外20例眼部病变性质待定的患者,PET/CT检查不仅明确了眼内转移瘤的诊断并全部找到了原发灶。更有5例患者改变了临床初步诊断(PET/CT检查前疑诊黑色素瘤3例、血管瘤1例、血管瘤或黑色素瘤1例,其中1例确诊为肺腺癌的PET/CT图像见图2),并全部找到原发灶。整体原发灶检出率为97.7%(42/43),其中来源于肺癌36例、乳腺癌2例、食管癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌和前列腺癌各1例,此42例患者均为在PET/CT检查前无恶性肿瘤病史,在PET/CT检查提示下找到原发灶。

    Figure 1.  18F-FDG PET/CT images of breast cancer patients with metastases of left eye and multiple bones (female,40 years old)

    Figure 2.  18F-FDG PET/CT images of lung adenocarcinoma with metastasis of left eye,liver,multiple lymph nodes and bones (female,50 years old)

    PET/CT检查在诊断转移瘤、寻找原发灶的同时还可发现其他部位的转移,在53例眼内转移瘤患者中,PET/CT显示转移灶≥2个的患者51例(96.2%),其中伴淋巴结转移43例(81.1%)、骨转移42例(79.2%)、肺转移26例(49.1%)、肝转移10例(18.9%)、脑转移8例(15.1%)、胸腹膜或胸壁转移8例(15.1%)、肾上腺转移5例(9.4%)、肌肉或皮下转移5例(9.4%)。仅1例脑转移患者(原发灶为食道癌)的PET/CT表现为阴性,而MRI为阳性。

3.   讨论
  • 眼内转移瘤是全身其他部位的恶性肿瘤经血液循环转移至眼内的恶性肿瘤,多来源于肺癌和乳腺癌,国外报道乳腺癌居首位[4-5],而国内报道肺癌最多见[6-7]。本研究结果与国内报道一致,造成此现象的原因可能是我国肺癌发病率高而乳腺癌发病率低,且肺癌早期症状不典型而不利于诊断,故而晚期转移至眼内的可能性大。

    本研究眼内转移瘤患者女性多于男性,发病年龄以中老年居多,与既往研究一致[6]。眼内转移瘤多呈扁平状生长,在平扫CT形态上多表现为眼球壁增厚或呈弧形、梭形,隆起高度小、累及范围大是其特点。但部分转移瘤也可呈结节状或球状生长,部分其他眼部原发肿瘤也可表现为梭形,二者单纯从形态学上鉴别困难。但是PET/CT是全身显像,我们可以通过其全身的表现反推局部而将二者鉴别。另外多数眼部原发肿瘤依靠MRI即可诊断,但当怀疑为转移瘤或MRI表现不典型而不能确定良恶性、原发还是转移时就需要进行PET/CT检查,本研究的患者多是因上述原因而行PET/CT检查。本研究不仅有20例其他检查性质待定者通过PET/CT明确诊断,更有5例PET/CT检查前怀疑为黑色素瘤或血管瘤患者经PET/CT检查后诊断为转移瘤,避免了一些无效的眼球摘除术或错误治疗。

    眼内转移瘤患者可继发视网膜脱离或玻璃体出血,同机平扫CT很难将二者与转移灶进行区分,但PET可以将其明确分界,表现为视网膜脱离或玻璃体出血部位的放射性摄取正常,而转移灶部位的放射性摄取增高,可以明确病变的大小与位置,指导临床针对性治疗。

    本研究结果显示,眼内转移瘤的SUV与其大小呈正相关,肿瘤越大SUV也越高。这一结果不仅见于眼内转移瘤,其他肿瘤也多有此发现[8]。这是因为SUV高低与细胞数量及增殖指数有关[9],小病灶的肿瘤细胞数量较少,增殖缓慢,代谢率增高不显著,因而对18F-FDG的摄取低于大病灶。本研究中我们发现,转移瘤假阴性(18F-FDG摄取正常)的3例患者,CT影像均表现为眼球壁稍厚或可疑增厚,即病变很小,这可能是导致假阴性的主要原因。

    由于转移瘤与原发灶具有组织学的同源性和相似的代谢特征[10],本研究转移瘤的假阴性病例中有1例原发肿瘤为肾透明细胞癌,这也可能是其放射性摄取无异常的原因之一。一般认为肿瘤原发灶代谢增高者转移灶代谢也增高,本研究结果也确实如此,但二者SUV无明显线性相关性。这可能是因为病变的SUV不仅仅与其病理学特性相关,还受其大小的影响。故而转移瘤与肿瘤原发灶只表现为相似的代谢特征,而二者SUV无明确线性关系。

    在眼部局部征象诊断困难时,结合全身显像不仅可以帮助明确转移瘤的诊断,还可以同时寻找原发灶。本研究对原发灶的检出率高达97.7%,远高于国内外其他研究的37%~76%[10-11]。分析其原因可能是本研究病例多数是发现眼内病变后即行PET/CT检查,且在PET/CT检查前未完善其他相关的辅助检查。

    有文献证实PET/CT显像可以比常规检查检测到更多的病灶,为临床选择更恰当、更有针对性的治疗提供帮助,该研究中100%的患者被发现多器官转移,且显示淋巴结和骨是最常见的转移部位[12]。本研究53例患者中,PET/CT显示转移灶≥2个者51例,占96.2%;发现淋巴结转移43例(81.1%);骨转移42例(79.2%),与上述研究结果基本一致。眼内转移瘤多来源于肺癌和乳腺癌,研究结果证实PET/CT可对肺癌和乳腺癌淋巴结转移进行有效的评估和分期[13-14]。尽管脑转移瘤多数表现为对18F-FDG的摄取增高,但也有摄取减低或无异常的情况,本研究中即有1例脑转移瘤的PET/CT表现为阴性而MRI为阳性。这种代谢阴性的表现可能与转移瘤较小,受部分容积效应及周围正常脑组织对18F-FDG 的生理性高摄取有关。对于脑转移的评估,临床多采用MRI或者PET/MRI[15]

    总之,尽管PET/CT在眼部精细机构方面的表现及眼部原发肿瘤的诊断方面不如MRI,但其适用于MRI禁忌证患者,不仅能帮助诊断眼内转移瘤,还可以检测到尚未明确的肿瘤原发灶,同时有助于发现其他部位的转移灶,为眼内转移瘤的早期诊断、分期及制定正确、完整的治疗方案提供了真实可靠的依据,具有重要的临床应用价值。

    利益冲突 本研究由署名作者按以下贡献声明独立开展,不涉及任何利益冲突。

    作者贡献声明 陈聪霞负责研究命题的提出和设计、方法的建立、研究过程的实施、试验数据的获取与分析、论文的撰写;张娟负责试验数据的随访、获取与分析;陈敏、姚稚明负责研究命题的设计、论文的审阅与修改。

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