Volume 44 Issue 6
Aug.  2020
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Radiologists' qualifications and regions of interest settings to evaluate liver fat by IDEAL-IQ sequence

  • Objective To explore the effect of radiologists' qualifications and region of interest (ROI) settings on the evaluation of liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) by iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation and image quantification (IDEAL-IQ). Methods A total of 43 patients(39 males and 4 females, 40.37±14.65 years old) underwent 3D IDEAL-IQ scanning by a GE Discovery MR750W 3.0 T MRI scanner at the First People's Hospital of Foshan. PDFFs were determined on fat fraction maps by three different radiologists with ROIs of 10, 25, and 50 mm2. When the measurement data showed a normal distribution and the variance was homogeneous, one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The consistency of the same group of data measured repeatedly by the same researcher according to the ROI of different areas with that measured by different radiologists was evaluated via reliability analysis by using SPSS 17.0. Intra-group correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compare the repeatability of the test results. In this work, alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75 were used to demonstrate high reliability and repeatability. Results The PDFFs measured with three different ROIs by the same doctor were (14.17±8.40)%, (13.49±8.42)%, and (13.25±8.39)%, respectively. There was not significant difference (F=0.138, P=0.871).The PDFFs measured by three doctors according to the same ROI respectively were (14.10±8.81)%, (12.75±8.48)% and (14.06±8.22)%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (F=0.352, P=0.704). The same radiologists determined the same group of data on the fat fraction maps with different ROIs, and reliability analysis indicated alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75. These results indicate that the determination of PDFFs with different ROIs has high reliability and repeatability. The three radiologists then measured the same group of data on fat fraction maps with the same ROI, and reliability analysis indicated alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75. Differences between the PDFFs measured at 10, 20, and 30 mm involved the vertical distance between the center of the ROI and the hepatic envelope. Conclusions Radiologists' qualifications and ROI settings have no effect on the IDEAL-IQ sequence evaluation of liver PDFF. Measurements made under different qualifications and ROIs by using the IDEAL-IQ technique have high reliability and repeatability.
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Radiologists' qualifications and regions of interest settings to evaluate liver fat by IDEAL-IQ sequence

    Corresponding author: Mingyong Gao, gmyong163@163.com
  • 1. Department of Medical Imaging, the First People's Hospital of Foshan (the Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan 528000, China
  • 2. Department of Radiotherapy for Tumor Center, the First People's Hospital of Foshan (the Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan 528000, China
  • 3. Department of Infectious Disease, the First People's Hospital of Foshan (the Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan 528000, China

Abstract:  Objective To explore the effect of radiologists' qualifications and region of interest (ROI) settings on the evaluation of liver proton density fat fraction (PDFF) by iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation and image quantification (IDEAL-IQ). Methods A total of 43 patients(39 males and 4 females, 40.37±14.65 years old) underwent 3D IDEAL-IQ scanning by a GE Discovery MR750W 3.0 T MRI scanner at the First People's Hospital of Foshan. PDFFs were determined on fat fraction maps by three different radiologists with ROIs of 10, 25, and 50 mm2. When the measurement data showed a normal distribution and the variance was homogeneous, one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. The consistency of the same group of data measured repeatedly by the same researcher according to the ROI of different areas with that measured by different radiologists was evaluated via reliability analysis by using SPSS 17.0. Intra-group correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to compare the repeatability of the test results. In this work, alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75 were used to demonstrate high reliability and repeatability. Results The PDFFs measured with three different ROIs by the same doctor were (14.17±8.40)%, (13.49±8.42)%, and (13.25±8.39)%, respectively. There was not significant difference (F=0.138, P=0.871).The PDFFs measured by three doctors according to the same ROI respectively were (14.10±8.81)%, (12.75±8.48)% and (14.06±8.22)%, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (F=0.352, P=0.704). The same radiologists determined the same group of data on the fat fraction maps with different ROIs, and reliability analysis indicated alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75. These results indicate that the determination of PDFFs with different ROIs has high reliability and repeatability. The three radiologists then measured the same group of data on fat fraction maps with the same ROI, and reliability analysis indicated alpha>0.8 and ICC>0.75. Differences between the PDFFs measured at 10, 20, and 30 mm involved the vertical distance between the center of the ROI and the hepatic envelope. Conclusions Radiologists' qualifications and ROI settings have no effect on the IDEAL-IQ sequence evaluation of liver PDFF. Measurements made under different qualifications and ROIs by using the IDEAL-IQ technique have high reliability and repeatability.

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  • 脂肪肝是一种常见的代谢性疾病,是导致各类慢性肝脏疾病的首要病因[1]。早期如不干预,脂肪肝可转变为脂肪性肝炎,进而发展成为肝硬化,甚至肝癌[2-3]。因此,早期动态监测及定量评价肝脏脂肪含量有重要的临床意义[4-5]。无创性定量评价肝脏脂肪含量的方法是目前临床研究的热点之一[6-8]。MRI非对称回波三点法水脂分离-定量测定(iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation and image quantification,IDEAL-IQ)方法是近年出现的一种无创性定量评估肝脏质子密度脂肪含量(proton density fat fraction,PDFF)的新技术,临床应用研究报道仍较少[9-11]。对MRI新技术的可重复性研究亦是目前的研究热点[12-14]。我们通过分析医师资历(工作经历)和ROI设置,评价IDEAL-IQ技术对肝脏PDFF的影响。

1.   资料与方法

    1.1.   研究对象

  • 选取2017年1月至3月于佛山市第一人民医院疑诊为脂肪肝的患者89例,均接受IDEAL-IQ扫描。纳入标准:①体重指数(body mass index,BMI)≥23 kg/m2;②超声和(或)瞬时弹性成像怀疑脂肪肝。排除标准:①BMI<23 kg/m2;②IDEAL-IQ扫描时屏气不佳,图像出现呼吸移动伪影;③肝脏病变,包括结节和(或)肿瘤、局灶性脂肪肝、肝硬化等。根据上述标准,排除BMI<23 kg/m2 的患者27例、肝脏病变16例、呼吸伪影3例,剩余43例纳入本研究,其中男性39例、女性4例,年龄(40.37±14.65)岁。患者病史及化验结果:有饮酒史者12例、肝功能(谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶/谷氨酰转肽酶)异常31例、高尿酸血症33例、高脂血症31例、糖尿病史12例、高血压病史11例、肌酐水平升高2例,其中97.7%的患者至少有上述1项指标异常;IDEAL-IQ诊断为脂肪肝41例。

  • 1.2.   仪器与扫描方法

  • 采用美国GE公司Discovery MR 750W 3.0 T超导MRI扫描仪、腹部线圈和呼吸门控技术。检查前对患者进行呼吸训练,向其讲述屏气的技巧,并强调屏气对本次检查的重要性,得到患者的理解和配合,屏气时间需超过20 s。扫描范围:根据三维容积定位,轴位扫描覆盖整个肝脏,腹部线圈中心定位于剑突中心,呼吸门控软管放于肚脐平面。所有患者均于检查前签署了知情同意书。

    腹部常规序列选取横轴位T1加权成像(内插快速扰相梯度回波:回波时间1.8 ms,恢复时间4 ms,激励次数0.69,翻转角12°)、T2加权成像(快速自旋回波并行采集技术:回波时间78 ms,恢复时间10 000 ms,反转时间165 ms,回波链长度18,激励次数2.00,带宽83.33)和弥散加权成像(平面回波成像:b=0和1000,回波时间63.3 ms,恢复时间10 000 ms,激励次数8.00),层厚均为6 mm,层间距为0 mm。

    三维 IDEAL-IQ序列主要参数:兼容并行采集技术,实现二维并行采集加速,回波链长度3,分2次采集,每次采集3个回波,共有6个不同时间的回波(最小回波时间1 ms,最大回波时间5 ms)。翻转角4°、重复时间7.3 ms、激励次数0.50、层厚7 mm、层间距0 mm、扫描时间19 s。

    可重复性研究在肝左叶外侧段、肝左叶内侧段、肝右叶前段和肝右叶后段显示较好的层面的4个位置手工勾画ROI。勾画ROI时,至少距离肝脏包膜约10 mm,注意避开大静脉和大胆管。医师内部的可重复性:由同一位医师独立在43例患者的肝脏脂肪分量图上手工勾画ROI(图1),ROI面积分别为10 mm2图1中A)、25 mm2图1中B)和50 mm2图1中C),分别记录PDFF,共172个。医师间的可重复性:由3位医师(医师A、B、C)分别独立勾画ROI,方法同上,记录PDFF。

    Figure 1.  The fat fraction of the liver was manually delineated three regions of interest by the same doctor(male, 30 years old)

    ROI位置与肝脏包膜的关系: 由1位医师(C)在肝右叶后上段勾画圆形ROI(图2),面积为50 mm2,圆心与肝脏包膜的垂直距离分别为10、20、30 mm,每个距离的ROI分别测3次,取平均值,记录PDFF。

    Figure 2.  The fat fraction of the liver was manually delineated the regions of interest(male,18 years old)

  • 1.3.   图像分析

  • 由3位不同资历(工作经历)的医师[医师A(1年)、医师B(5年)和医师C(11年)]在未知患者是否有脂肪肝的情况下,利用MR设备配置的后处理工作站(AW Volume 5)Viewer功能,独立对脂肪分量图进行PDFF测定。3位医师均在参与本研究前接受了IDEAL-IQ技术的应用培训,掌握肝脏PDFF测定的位置及技巧,并能熟练测量。

  • 1.4.   统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 17.0 软件对数据进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以$\bar{{{x}}}\pm {{s}}$表示,定性资料以百分数表示。方差齐的计量资料采用单因素方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用SPSS 17.0信度分析检验同一医师按不同ROI面积重复测定同组资料的一致性,及不同医师按同一ROI面积重复测定同组资料的一致性,alpha系数>0.8表示可信度极高。使用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation coefficient,ICC)比较检验结果的重复性,ICC>0.75表示重复性非常高[14]

2.   结果
  • 同一位医师按3种ROI面积测定的PDFF分别为(14.17±8.40)%、(13.49±8.42)%和(13.25±8.39)%,差异无统计学意义(F=0.138, P=0.871)。3位医师按同一ROI面积测定的PDFF分别为(14.10±8.81)%、(12.75±8.48)%和(14.06±8.22)%,差异无统计学意义(F=0.352,P=0.704)。3位医师和3种ROI面积的PDFF及其比较见表1表2

    医师ROI(mm2FPalpha 系数ICC
    102550
    A14.78±8.8414.03±8.7613.49±8.870.2320.7930.9980.994
    B13.15±8.7712.59±8.4512.51±8.380.0700.9320.9940.981
    C14.59±8.0213.84±8.4213.76±8.300.1310.8770.9970.992
    注:表中,ROI:感兴趣区;PDFF:质子密度脂肪含量;ICC:组内相关系数

    Table 1.  Proton density fat fraction and test results of three regions of interest areas measured by the same radiologists ($\bar x $±s)

    ROI(mm2医师FPalpha 系数ICC
    ABC
    1014.78±8.8413.15±8.7714.59±8.020.4690.6270.9820.951
    2514.03±8.7612.59±8.4513.84±8.420.3610.6970.9850.957
    5013.49±8.8712.51±8.3813.76±8.300.2560.7750.9840.953
    注:表中,PDFF:质子密度脂肪含量;ROI:感兴趣区;ICC:组内相关系数

    Table 2.  Proton density fat fraction and test results of the same regions of interest areas measured by different radiologists ($\bar x $±s)

    表1表2中的数据进行可信度和可重复性分析,同一位医师分别以ROI面积10、25、50 mm2测定同一组资料,alpha系数均>0.8且ICC均>0.75,这说明在不同ROI面积下测定的PDFF有很高的可信度和可重复性;3位医师分别在同一ROI面积下测定同一组资料,alpha系数均>0.8且ICC均>0.75,这说明不同医师在同一ROI面积下测定的PDFF亦有很高的可信度和可重复性。

    于肝右叶后上段距离肝脏包膜10、20、30 mm处测定的PDFF分别为(9.54±12.84)%、(9.68±13.27)%和(10.50±12.79)%,差异无统计学意义(F=0.032,P=0.968)。

3.   讨论

    3.1.   IDEAL-IQ技术临床应用优势

  • MRI脂肪测定技术[15]主要包括基于磁共振波普成像技术和基于脂肪敏感MRI技术的肝脏脂肪量化法[16]。磁共振波普成像是通过计算波谱中脂质峰的AUC得到PDFF,步骤较繁琐,且单次采集只能覆盖小区域的肝脏,限制了其临床的广泛应用[16]。同反相位水脂分离技术容易受到磁场不均匀的影响,尤其是肝内铁元素的影响,导致其对轻度级别的脂肪肝定量评价产生偏差,且PDFF需要通过相关公式计算获得,较为繁琐。IDEAL技术可以克服磁场的轻度不均匀获得肝脏的PDFF,但其采集时间较长,难以对全肝PDFF进行一站式定量分析。IDEAL-IQ是在IDEAL技术上改良的三维序列,通过1次屏气扫描可以获得全肝的脂肪分量、R2*、水相、脂相、同相位和反相位等6个序列图像,在脂肪分量图上即可测出PDFF,无需复杂繁琐的后处理及校正步骤,也无需借助公式计算,有良好的临床应用前景[10]

  • 3.2.   IDEAL-IQ技术临床应用的可重复性分析

  • IDEAL-IQ技术在临床上尚未被广泛推广应用,可供借鉴的经验不多[9-11],尚未见对于不同医师测定同一病例PDFF可信度的相关报道。这是临床医师关心和需要影像科解决的问题,也是本技术推广应用的关键问题。为解决这个问题,我们设计了同一组IDEAL-IQ肝脏脂肪分量图,由3位不同资历的医师在同一位置以同一ROI面积测定,其PDFF的差异无统计学意义。3人测定PDFF的alpha系数均>0.8,这说明可信度非常高;3人测定PDFF的ICC均>0.75,这说明可重复性很高。因此,在经过IDEAL-IQ技术临床应用的培训后,无论医师的资历高低,其测定的PDFF均有高度的一致性,可信度高。

    焦志云等[9]认为, 应用IDEAL-IQ 测定肝脏 PDFF时,ROI面积应>200 mm2,并应尽可能取大的有效ROI,测定位置为肝Ⅰ~Ⅷ 段中心,共8个ROI。郭若汨等[10]在应用IDEAL-IQ测定PDFF时,选取肝门层面肝右叶前段,ROI面积为10 mm2。而Serai等[11]认为,为避免呼吸移动伪影的影响,PDFF测定位置应选定在肝Ⅶ段,ROI面积尽可能大。上述研究者均认为PDFF测定时应避开较大的胆管和血管。为解决究竟ROI面积多大时IDEAL-IQ测定肝脏PDFF的可信度高且可重复性高这个问题,我们在肝门层面选取肝左叶外侧段、肝左叶内侧段、肝右叶前段和肝右叶后段等4个位置,分别设计10、25、50 mm2等3种不同面积ROI,让同一位医师分别测定,结果显示PDFF的差异无统计学意义。本研究结果亦显示,在ROI面积≤50 mm2时,PDFF测定的可信度和可重复性均很高。

  • 3.3.   ROI位置与肝脏包膜关系对PDFF测定影响的分析

  • 在IDEAL-IQ临床应用中,我们常常比较困惑,ROI距离肝脏包膜多远,PDFF测定才不容易出现呼吸移动伪影。本研究选定在肝右叶后上段[11],距离肝脏包膜10、20、30 mm处为圆心勾画50 mm2的圆形ROI,结果显示,测定PDFF的差异无统计学意义。因此,我们认为,在图像无呼吸移动伪影的条件下,ROI不超出肝脏包膜且避开肉眼可见较大的胆管和血管,测定的PDFF均可符合技术要求。

  • 3.4.   本研究的不足

  • 我们设置的ROI面积较小,未将100、200 mm2和全肝面积等较大面积的ROI纳入研究。但我们认为,ROI面积过大,尤其是肝脏脂肪变性级别较低时,图像的对比度和分辨率均较差,很难分清较大的胆管和血管,这可能导致PDFF测定值偏小。因此,我们采用多位置、较小面积的ROI,这可能更有利于反映肝细胞的真实情况。

    综上所述,医师资历及ROI设置对IDEAL-IQ评价肝脏PDFF无影响,可信度和可重复性均很高,有利于该技术在临床推广应用。

    利益冲突 本研究由署名作者按以下贡献声明独立开展,不涉及任何利益冲突。

    作者贡献声明 洪居陆负责试验的设计、数据的测量、论文的撰写;贺小红负责扫描技术和论文的指导;李慧负责临床资料的整理、数据的处理;陈婉雯和曾成龙负责数据的测量;吴李贤负责临床患者的筛查和诊断;卢瑞梁负责患者的扫描安排、扫描技术的指导;高明勇负责试验的协调与指导、论文的审阅。

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