2008 Vol. 32, No. 6
Display Method:
2008, 32(6): 321-325.
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Abstract:
Objective To observe the inhibitory effects of 99Tc-methylenediphosphonate(99Tc-MDP) and 153Sm-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid(153Sm-EDTMP) on bone invasion and osteolysis by Walker 256 carcinoma in rats, and their influence on the implanted tumor cells comparatively. Methods Bone invasion and osteolysis model was induced by Walker 256 carcinoma cells. The animals were divided into four groups: control group, 99Tc-MDP treatment group, 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group and 99Tc-MDP+153Sm-EDTMP treatment group. Radionuclide bone scan of 99Tcm-MDP, X-ray and histological examination were used in the experiment to estimate the inhibitory effects of 99Tc-MDP or/and 153Sm-EDTMP on the bone invasion and osteolysis. Meanwhile, the rate of apoptosis and percentage of each cell cycle phase of the rat-implanted tumor were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the control, the rat number of tibia invasion and bone absorption reduced markedly in 99Tc-MDP treatment group, 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group and DP+153Sm-EDTMP treatment group(Fisher's exact test:P<0.05). The rat number of bone absorption in the 99Tc-MDP-j-153Sm-EDTMP treatment group was lower than that of 99Tc-MDP treatment group and 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group. However, there was no significant difference. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in all the treatment groups was greater than that of the control group. And the cell percentage of DNA synthesis phase(S phase) notably dropped. There was enhancive effect on the transplanted tumor cells when both 99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP were injected into the Walker 256 bearing rats. Conclusions ①99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP can obviously prevent bone invasion and osteolysis induced by Walker 256 carcinoma in rats. ②They also have an effect on inducing the apoptosis of implanted tumor cells and inhibiting the proliferation of the transplanted tumor cells. There is enhancive effect on the implanted tumor cells when both 99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP are applied simultaneously.
Objective To observe the inhibitory effects of 99Tc-methylenediphosphonate(99Tc-MDP) and 153Sm-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid(153Sm-EDTMP) on bone invasion and osteolysis by Walker 256 carcinoma in rats, and their influence on the implanted tumor cells comparatively. Methods Bone invasion and osteolysis model was induced by Walker 256 carcinoma cells. The animals were divided into four groups: control group, 99Tc-MDP treatment group, 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group and 99Tc-MDP+153Sm-EDTMP treatment group. Radionuclide bone scan of 99Tcm-MDP, X-ray and histological examination were used in the experiment to estimate the inhibitory effects of 99Tc-MDP or/and 153Sm-EDTMP on the bone invasion and osteolysis. Meanwhile, the rate of apoptosis and percentage of each cell cycle phase of the rat-implanted tumor were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Compared with the control, the rat number of tibia invasion and bone absorption reduced markedly in 99Tc-MDP treatment group, 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group and DP+153Sm-EDTMP treatment group(Fisher's exact test:P<0.05). The rat number of bone absorption in the 99Tc-MDP-j-153Sm-EDTMP treatment group was lower than that of 99Tc-MDP treatment group and 153Sm-EDTMP treatment group. However, there was no significant difference. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in all the treatment groups was greater than that of the control group. And the cell percentage of DNA synthesis phase(S phase) notably dropped. There was enhancive effect on the transplanted tumor cells when both 99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP were injected into the Walker 256 bearing rats. Conclusions ①99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP can obviously prevent bone invasion and osteolysis induced by Walker 256 carcinoma in rats. ②They also have an effect on inducing the apoptosis of implanted tumor cells and inhibiting the proliferation of the transplanted tumor cells. There is enhancive effect on the implanted tumor cells when both 99Tc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP are applied simultaneously.
2008, 32(6): 325-328.
Abstract:
Bilingual and multilingual brain studies of language recognition is an interdisciplinary subject which needs to identify different levels involved in the neural representation of languages, such as neuroanatomical, naurofunctional, biochemical, psychological and linguistic levels. Furthermore, specific factors such as age, manner of acquisition and environmental factors seem to affect the neural representation. Functional brain imaging, such as PET, SPECT and functional MRI can explore the neurolinguistics representation of bilingualism in the brain in subjects, and elucidate the neuronal mechanisms of bilingual language processing. Functional imaging methods show differences in the pattern of cerebral activation associated with a second language compared with the subjects native language. It shows that verbal memory processing in two unrelated languages is mediated by a common neural system with some distinct cortical areas. The different patterns of activation differ according to the language used. It also could be ascribed either to age of acquisition or to proficiency level. And attained proficiency is more important than age of acquisition as a determinant of the cortical representation of the second language. The study used PET and SPECT shows that sign and spoken language seem to be localized in the same brain areas, and elicit similar regional cerebral blood flow patterns. But for sign language perception, the functional anatomy overlaps that of language processing contain both auditory and visual components. And the sign language is dependent on spatial information too.
Bilingual and multilingual brain studies of language recognition is an interdisciplinary subject which needs to identify different levels involved in the neural representation of languages, such as neuroanatomical, naurofunctional, biochemical, psychological and linguistic levels. Furthermore, specific factors such as age, manner of acquisition and environmental factors seem to affect the neural representation. Functional brain imaging, such as PET, SPECT and functional MRI can explore the neurolinguistics representation of bilingualism in the brain in subjects, and elucidate the neuronal mechanisms of bilingual language processing. Functional imaging methods show differences in the pattern of cerebral activation associated with a second language compared with the subjects native language. It shows that verbal memory processing in two unrelated languages is mediated by a common neural system with some distinct cortical areas. The different patterns of activation differ according to the language used. It also could be ascribed either to age of acquisition or to proficiency level. And attained proficiency is more important than age of acquisition as a determinant of the cortical representation of the second language. The study used PET and SPECT shows that sign and spoken language seem to be localized in the same brain areas, and elicit similar regional cerebral blood flow patterns. But for sign language perception, the functional anatomy overlaps that of language processing contain both auditory and visual components. And the sign language is dependent on spatial information too.
2008, 32(6): 329-332.
Abstract:
Chemotherapy is one of the main comprehensive treatments for lung cancer, especially for non-small cell lung cancer(NSC1C) Multi-drug resistance of lung cancer plays an important role in the failure of chemotherapy. Early detection of multi-drug resistance(MDR) is essential for choosing a suitable chemotherapy regimen for the patients of lung cancer. In recent years lots of literature reports that MDR of lung cancer is related to many kinds of multi-drug resistance protein(MRP) expression in lung cancer. Some lipophilic chemotherapy drugs and 99Tcm-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99Tcm-MIBI) may be the same substrate for some MRP. These MHP can transport them out of the tumor cells, then the chemotherapy is invalid or non-radioactive concentration. The retention of 99Tcm-MIBI in tumor cells is correlated with the expression of MRP, thus the prediction of the MRP expression before chemotherapy or monitoring MRP expression changes in the process of chemotherapy by using the noninvasive 99Tcm-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography imaging is helpful to predict the MDR and chemotherapy efficacy of lung cancer.
Chemotherapy is one of the main comprehensive treatments for lung cancer, especially for non-small cell lung cancer(NSC1C) Multi-drug resistance of lung cancer plays an important role in the failure of chemotherapy. Early detection of multi-drug resistance(MDR) is essential for choosing a suitable chemotherapy regimen for the patients of lung cancer. In recent years lots of literature reports that MDR of lung cancer is related to many kinds of multi-drug resistance protein(MRP) expression in lung cancer. Some lipophilic chemotherapy drugs and 99Tcm-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99Tcm-MIBI) may be the same substrate for some MRP. These MHP can transport them out of the tumor cells, then the chemotherapy is invalid or non-radioactive concentration. The retention of 99Tcm-MIBI in tumor cells is correlated with the expression of MRP, thus the prediction of the MRP expression before chemotherapy or monitoring MRP expression changes in the process of chemotherapy by using the noninvasive 99Tcm-MIBI single photon emission computed tomography imaging is helpful to predict the MDR and chemotherapy efficacy of lung cancer.
2008, 32(6): 332-335.
Abstract:
Thyroid eye disease often associated with organ-specific autoimmune. Relationship has been found between a variety of serum cytokine level and clinical expression as well as the response to the treatment of patients with thyroid eye disease. The research of peripheral cytokine level in thyroid eye disease patients, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-1 is important.
Thyroid eye disease often associated with organ-specific autoimmune. Relationship has been found between a variety of serum cytokine level and clinical expression as well as the response to the treatment of patients with thyroid eye disease. The research of peripheral cytokine level in thyroid eye disease patients, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, insulin-like growth factor-1 is important.
2008, 32(6): 336-340.
Abstract:
In recent years, acute coronary syndrome(ACS) has been getting more and more attentions. Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI) can make a quick accurate diagnosis for patients with acute chest pain who cann't be diagnosed by conventional methods. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MPI are relatively high. Besides, MPI can be applicated in the detection of ischemic and infarct size and degree, the risk stratification and the assessment of prognosis of the patients with ACS, and the appraisal of the effect of strategies.
In recent years, acute coronary syndrome(ACS) has been getting more and more attentions. Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging(MPI) can make a quick accurate diagnosis for patients with acute chest pain who cann't be diagnosed by conventional methods. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of MPI are relatively high. Besides, MPI can be applicated in the detection of ischemic and infarct size and degree, the risk stratification and the assessment of prognosis of the patients with ACS, and the appraisal of the effect of strategies.
2008, 32(6): 340-342.
Abstract:
Radionuclide renal dynamic imaging(RDI) and intravenous pyelography(IVP) have important roles in evaluation of unilateral renal function. But IVP is affected by renal function. Patients with kidney failure examined by IVP might have poor IVP imaging or even no imaging. So, IVP may underestimate renal function. In these cases, 99Tcm-radionuclide RDI is an ideal method to estimate renal function. It is simple, noninvasive, high sensitivity and recoverable. And it gives notable information such as quantitative unilateral renal function. It is superior to IVP in assessing renal function, and should be performed on kidneys not visualized by IVP.
Radionuclide renal dynamic imaging(RDI) and intravenous pyelography(IVP) have important roles in evaluation of unilateral renal function. But IVP is affected by renal function. Patients with kidney failure examined by IVP might have poor IVP imaging or even no imaging. So, IVP may underestimate renal function. In these cases, 99Tcm-radionuclide RDI is an ideal method to estimate renal function. It is simple, noninvasive, high sensitivity and recoverable. And it gives notable information such as quantitative unilateral renal function. It is superior to IVP in assessing renal function, and should be performed on kidneys not visualized by IVP.
2008, 32(6): 343-346.
Abstract:
Objective To research the degression of renal function of 99Tcm-diethylene triamine pentaaceticacid(99Tcm-DTPA) renal imaging in rabbits with acute upper urinary tract obstruction and its early recovery after relief. Methods Twenty-four health rabbit models with left acute upper urinary tract obstruction were built up. 99Tcm-DTPA renal imaging was performed before making model and after obstruction 1, 3, 5-7 and more than 8 weeks respectively and 4 weeks after relief of obstruction. Results After obstnrction 1 and 3 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imaging showed development in left renal. Values of glomerular filtration rate(GPH) and uptake ratio decreased, while time to rcach the peak increased. These are obviusly different compared with those before obstruction(t=2.916, t=7.034, P<0.01). Affer obstruction 5-7 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imagingshowed cortex developert. Values of GFR and uptake ratio decreased obvious, while time to reach the peak increased obviously. These are obviously different cempaved with those before obstruction(t=6.722, t=7.470, t=3.678, P<0.01). Affer obstruction more than 8 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imaging showed no obvious development. In those rabbits with durations of 1-3 weeks obstructions, the renal function could almost recover within 4 weeks after relief of obstruction. GRF is 31.23±14.4(t=2.627, P<0.05), uptake ratio is 4.09±2.10(t=2.795, P<0.05). The time to reack the peak showed no obvious diflerence(t=1.435, P>0.05). With obstruction of 5-7 weeks, the GRF and uptake ratio, could recover partly to some extent. But with obstruction for more than 8 weeks, the renal function could not recover. Conclusions For the acute upper urinary tract obstruction, the renal function is most remarkable decreased in the early time, and can be restored after relief. For long time obstruction, even if relieved, the renal function is not easily to restore. The dynamic renal imaging can reflect the extent of the renal damage and its recovery, and could be used as a reliable indicator.
Objective To research the degression of renal function of 99Tcm-diethylene triamine pentaaceticacid(99Tcm-DTPA) renal imaging in rabbits with acute upper urinary tract obstruction and its early recovery after relief. Methods Twenty-four health rabbit models with left acute upper urinary tract obstruction were built up. 99Tcm-DTPA renal imaging was performed before making model and after obstruction 1, 3, 5-7 and more than 8 weeks respectively and 4 weeks after relief of obstruction. Results After obstnrction 1 and 3 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imaging showed development in left renal. Values of glomerular filtration rate(GPH) and uptake ratio decreased, while time to rcach the peak increased. These are obviusly different compared with those before obstruction(t=2.916, t=7.034, P<0.01). Affer obstruction 5-7 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imagingshowed cortex developert. Values of GFR and uptake ratio decreased obvious, while time to reach the peak increased obviously. These are obviously different cempaved with those before obstruction(t=6.722, t=7.470, t=3.678, P<0.01). Affer obstruction more than 8 weeks, 99Tcm-DTPA imaging showed no obvious development. In those rabbits with durations of 1-3 weeks obstructions, the renal function could almost recover within 4 weeks after relief of obstruction. GRF is 31.23±14.4(t=2.627, P<0.05), uptake ratio is 4.09±2.10(t=2.795, P<0.05). The time to reack the peak showed no obvious diflerence(t=1.435, P>0.05). With obstruction of 5-7 weeks, the GRF and uptake ratio, could recover partly to some extent. But with obstruction for more than 8 weeks, the renal function could not recover. Conclusions For the acute upper urinary tract obstruction, the renal function is most remarkable decreased in the early time, and can be restored after relief. For long time obstruction, even if relieved, the renal function is not easily to restore. The dynamic renal imaging can reflect the extent of the renal damage and its recovery, and could be used as a reliable indicator.
2008, 32(6): 347-351.
Abstract:
The conventional imaging procedure is CT in diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. However, nuclear medicine imaging has also had a prominent role. Single-photon imaging with 67Ga-citrate(67Ga) has been widely used for lymphomas. Positron emission tomography(PET) with, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG) has gained a role in the staging and follow-up of lymphomas, largely replacing 67Ga as the nuclear medicine study of choice, 18F-FDG PET has proved useful in the staging, restaging, monitoring response of therapy and follow-up of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. And the widespread use of PET-CT has also increased the sensitivity and specificity, reviewed the role of 18F-FDG PET in the management of patients with lymphoma.
The conventional imaging procedure is CT in diagnosis of malignant lymphomas. However, nuclear medicine imaging has also had a prominent role. Single-photon imaging with 67Ga-citrate(67Ga) has been widely used for lymphomas. Positron emission tomography(PET) with, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose(18F-FDG) has gained a role in the staging and follow-up of lymphomas, largely replacing 67Ga as the nuclear medicine study of choice, 18F-FDG PET has proved useful in the staging, restaging, monitoring response of therapy and follow-up of Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. And the widespread use of PET-CT has also increased the sensitivity and specificity, reviewed the role of 18F-FDG PET in the management of patients with lymphoma.
2008, 32(6): 351-353.
Abstract:
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction has mild clinical symptoms. It is nonspecific and not so noticeable. It performs only for thyroid stimulating hormone rise and decline. The value of early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone in subclinical thyroid dysfunction were reviewed.
Subclinical thyroid dysfunction has mild clinical symptoms. It is nonspecific and not so noticeable. It performs only for thyroid stimulating hormone rise and decline. The value of early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone in subclinical thyroid dysfunction were reviewed.
2008, 32(6): 354-356.
Abstract:
Incidence rate of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in teenager is not high. It has some different characteristics compared to adult differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Such as larger tumor at diagnosis; greater prevalence of neck lymph node and distant metastases at diagnosis; more sodium-iodide symporter expression; high recurrence rate but higher overall survival rate. 131I administration to remove residual thyroid tissue and treat metastases is still one of the important approaches after surgery.
Incidence rate of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in teenager is not high. It has some different characteristics compared to adult differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Such as larger tumor at diagnosis; greater prevalence of neck lymph node and distant metastases at diagnosis; more sodium-iodide symporter expression; high recurrence rate but higher overall survival rate. 131I administration to remove residual thyroid tissue and treat metastases is still one of the important approaches after surgery.
2008, 32(6): 357-359.
Abstract:
Thyroid disease is the most common endocrine disease. Treatment of thyroid disease includes the program of internal medicine, surgery and nuclear medicine. Radioactive iodine is one treatment of hyperthyroidism. Physician engaged in therapy with 131I should be able to collaborate closely with other physicians involved in the management of the Graves patient's condition.
Thyroid disease is the most common endocrine disease. Treatment of thyroid disease includes the program of internal medicine, surgery and nuclear medicine. Radioactive iodine is one treatment of hyperthyroidism. Physician engaged in therapy with 131I should be able to collaborate closely with other physicians involved in the management of the Graves patient's condition.
2008, 32(6): 360-362,378.
Abstract:
The precise radiotherapy has been widely used in the clinics. But there are many factors that affect the accuracy in the course of implementation. Finally the effect of radiotherapy is affected. These factors are reviewed. And the previous research data about the abdomen tumors is summed up. Also how the accuracy was affected by the respiratory movement, positioning, position fixed technology, weight, retraction and motion of the tumor and the situation of surrounding organs will be analyzed. At last, how to avoid these errors in clinics will be discussed.
The precise radiotherapy has been widely used in the clinics. But there are many factors that affect the accuracy in the course of implementation. Finally the effect of radiotherapy is affected. These factors are reviewed. And the previous research data about the abdomen tumors is summed up. Also how the accuracy was affected by the respiratory movement, positioning, position fixed technology, weight, retraction and motion of the tumor and the situation of surrounding organs will be analyzed. At last, how to avoid these errors in clinics will be discussed.
2008, 32(6): 363-366.
Abstract:
Objective To research the symptom of breast X-ray of chronic schizophrenia and the influence of its clinical features. Methods Take 50 patients who have been under treatment in our hospital for over 5 years as sample of psychotic group and same number of healthy people as control group. Analyze their X-ray films, using statistics to deal with their lung area of both before and after 5 years. Evaluation Criteria of X-ray:① Double layer rise;② Single or double lung base subsegmental atelectasis;③ Heart drown;④ Heart turing with the heart apex extending to the left;⑤The double lung bottom have gathering stripes;⑥The upper layer have wider shadow. Results The lung lobes of the patient group become smaller than they were 5 years ago. Data show great difference between two years(t=6.7099, P<0.01). The lung lobes of psychotic group become bigger than the control group in the first X-ray films (t=2.025, P<0.05), but smaller in the last X-ray films(t=5.512, P<0.01). Among them, 37 cases show double layer rise; 19 cases show single or double lung base subsegmental atelectasis; 24 cases show heart drown; 19 cases show heart turing and heart apex extending to the left; 37 cases show double lung bottom gathering stripes; 17 cases show wider shadow. Conclusion Morphology and pathology changes of schizophrenia patients are related to the side effect of anti-schizophrenia medicine and endocrine disorders.
Objective To research the symptom of breast X-ray of chronic schizophrenia and the influence of its clinical features. Methods Take 50 patients who have been under treatment in our hospital for over 5 years as sample of psychotic group and same number of healthy people as control group. Analyze their X-ray films, using statistics to deal with their lung area of both before and after 5 years. Evaluation Criteria of X-ray:① Double layer rise;② Single or double lung base subsegmental atelectasis;③ Heart drown;④ Heart turing with the heart apex extending to the left;⑤The double lung bottom have gathering stripes;⑥The upper layer have wider shadow. Results The lung lobes of the patient group become smaller than they were 5 years ago. Data show great difference between two years(t=6.7099, P<0.01). The lung lobes of psychotic group become bigger than the control group in the first X-ray films (t=2.025, P<0.05), but smaller in the last X-ray films(t=5.512, P<0.01). Among them, 37 cases show double layer rise; 19 cases show single or double lung base subsegmental atelectasis; 24 cases show heart drown; 19 cases show heart turing and heart apex extending to the left; 37 cases show double lung bottom gathering stripes; 17 cases show wider shadow. Conclusion Morphology and pathology changes of schizophrenia patients are related to the side effect of anti-schizophrenia medicine and endocrine disorders.
2008, 32(6): 367-371.
Abstract:
Simulation skill is playing an increasingly important role in medical imaging research, four-dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines-based cardiac-torso(4D NCAT) phantom is new tool for meoical imaging res earch and when combined with accurate models for the imaging process a wealth of realistic imaging data from subjects of various anatomies. Can be provided 4D NCAT phantoms have bend widely used in medical research such as SPECT, PET, CT and so on. 4D NCAT phantoms have also been used in inverse planning system of intensity modulated radiation therapy.
Simulation skill is playing an increasingly important role in medical imaging research, four-dimensional non-uniform rational B-splines-based cardiac-torso(4D NCAT) phantom is new tool for meoical imaging res earch and when combined with accurate models for the imaging process a wealth of realistic imaging data from subjects of various anatomies. Can be provided 4D NCAT phantoms have bend widely used in medical research such as SPECT, PET, CT and so on. 4D NCAT phantoms have also been used in inverse planning system of intensity modulated radiation therapy.
2008, 32(6): 372-375.
Abstract:
As the most common nuclide used to treat thyroid cancer, 131I, with high energy gamma rays, contributes the largest dose to medical staff, caregivers, relatives and the public because of its large amount of dosage in nuclear medical practice. Some control measures are required to limit the correlative persons' dose by its external exposure when the patients are released from the hospitals. This review will summarize the release criteria from hospitals of 131I therapy thyroid cancer patients between different countries or organizations in different periods. The variety of the release criteria is discussed.
As the most common nuclide used to treat thyroid cancer, 131I, with high energy gamma rays, contributes the largest dose to medical staff, caregivers, relatives and the public because of its large amount of dosage in nuclear medical practice. Some control measures are required to limit the correlative persons' dose by its external exposure when the patients are released from the hospitals. This review will summarize the release criteria from hospitals of 131I therapy thyroid cancer patients between different countries or organizations in different periods. The variety of the release criteria is discussed.
2008, 32(6): 376-378.
Abstract:
Recently, 192Ir high dose rate(HDR) afterloading are widely used in brachytherapy. The advantage of using HDR systems over low dose rate systems are shorter treatment time and higher fraction dose. To guarantee the veracity of the delivery dose, several quality control methods are described in this work. With these we can improve the position precision, time precision and dose precision of the brachytherapy.
Recently, 192Ir high dose rate(HDR) afterloading are widely used in brachytherapy. The advantage of using HDR systems over low dose rate systems are shorter treatment time and higher fraction dose. To guarantee the veracity of the delivery dose, several quality control methods are described in this work. With these we can improve the position precision, time precision and dose precision of the brachytherapy.
2008, 32(6): 379-381.
Abstract:
Introduce Russia radiation hygiene work of port for anchoring nuclear power ships in two section: Section one is safety regulations about the port for anchoring nuclear power ships, which consist of setting up duty region, organizing people who will enter the organize radiation work site, protecting the workers from irradiation and radio-contamination, radiation inspecting for the facilities and equipment, collecting and burying the radiation waste. Section two is supervisory control for radiation dose and its hygiene analysis, including general survey programmer in the radiation hygiene work in nuclear power ships, methods to measure individual dose, analysis the relevant data of radiation dose and make synthesize and estimate the whole safety condition.
Introduce Russia radiation hygiene work of port for anchoring nuclear power ships in two section: Section one is safety regulations about the port for anchoring nuclear power ships, which consist of setting up duty region, organizing people who will enter the organize radiation work site, protecting the workers from irradiation and radio-contamination, radiation inspecting for the facilities and equipment, collecting and burying the radiation waste. Section two is supervisory control for radiation dose and its hygiene analysis, including general survey programmer in the radiation hygiene work in nuclear power ships, methods to measure individual dose, analysis the relevant data of radiation dose and make synthesize and estimate the whole safety condition.
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