2006 Vol. 30, No. 2
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2006, 30(2): 65-68.
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Abstract:
The development of PET has greatly influenced the diagnosis, staging and treatment in many kinds of cancers. The medical resources can be saved through cost-effective analysis of PET in oncology. This article mainly introduces the method of cost-effective analysis and the present state of the cost-effective analysis of PET in oncology.
The development of PET has greatly influenced the diagnosis, staging and treatment in many kinds of cancers. The medical resources can be saved through cost-effective analysis of PET in oncology. This article mainly introduces the method of cost-effective analysis and the present state of the cost-effective analysis of PET in oncology.
2006, 30(2): 69-72.
Abstract:
Objective To study an easy and fast method for the radiofluorination of amino acid derivatives.Methods The radiosynthesis procedure was divided into 3 steps:(1) Synthesis of 18F2gas by 20Ne (d,α)18F reaction in cyclotron. (2) By passing through a specific column, 18F2 gas was converted into CH3COO18F. (3) Fluorinated amino acid derivatives were synthesized by direct electrophilic reaction between amino acids and CH3COO18F.Results It took about 45 minutes to fulfill the whole synthesis procedure. The radioactivity yield rate, radiochemistry purity and pH value was about 60%, >95% and about 7 respectively. Both sterility and apyrogenicity test showed negative result. All these results guaranteed the following animal study and clinical application.Conclusion It is suggested that electrophilic radiofluorination reaction is an easy and fast way for the radiolabeling of amino acid derivatives.
Objective To study an easy and fast method for the radiofluorination of amino acid derivatives.Methods The radiosynthesis procedure was divided into 3 steps:(1) Synthesis of 18F2gas by 20Ne (d,α)18F reaction in cyclotron. (2) By passing through a specific column, 18F2 gas was converted into CH3COO18F. (3) Fluorinated amino acid derivatives were synthesized by direct electrophilic reaction between amino acids and CH3COO18F.Results It took about 45 minutes to fulfill the whole synthesis procedure. The radioactivity yield rate, radiochemistry purity and pH value was about 60%, >95% and about 7 respectively. Both sterility and apyrogenicity test showed negative result. All these results guaranteed the following animal study and clinical application.Conclusion It is suggested that electrophilic radiofluorination reaction is an easy and fast way for the radiolabeling of amino acid derivatives.
2006, 30(2): 72-75.
Abstract:
Fullerenes are a class of compounds with unique chemical and physical properties, which potential uses can be explored in the biological medicine field. The review reports the synthesis and preparation of the compounds; the biological effects of empty fullerenes in anti-HIV, DNA cleavage, radical scavenger and recent aspects of metallofullerene as nuclear radiomedicine for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Fullerenes are a class of compounds with unique chemical and physical properties, which potential uses can be explored in the biological medicine field. The review reports the synthesis and preparation of the compounds; the biological effects of empty fullerenes in anti-HIV, DNA cleavage, radical scavenger and recent aspects of metallofullerene as nuclear radiomedicine for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
2006, 30(2): 76-79.
Abstract:
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a transitional state between healthy aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. MCI patients have a substantially higher rate of progression to Alzheimer's disease compared with cognitively normal elderly people. Functional neuroimaging modalities, including PET、SPECT and functional MRI show that MCI patients have special abnormalities in brain metabolism and perfusion, so they can offer great value in the predicting cognitive decline and early diagnosis of dementia.
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a transitional state between healthy aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. MCI patients have a substantially higher rate of progression to Alzheimer's disease compared with cognitively normal elderly people. Functional neuroimaging modalities, including PET、SPECT and functional MRI show that MCI patients have special abnormalities in brain metabolism and perfusion, so they can offer great value in the predicting cognitive decline and early diagnosis of dementia.
2006, 30(2): 80-83.
Abstract:
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is the therapy which targeted to tumor cells using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor-associated antigens. It has been one of the standard treatment options for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL). The inefficient localization of radiolabeled mAbs to the solid tumors has refrained RIT from being applied to those diseases. Still, small volume or minimal residual disease has been recogenized as a potentially suitable target for radiolabeled antibodies. RIT appears promising for future cancer therapy.
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is the therapy which targeted to tumor cells using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor-associated antigens. It has been one of the standard treatment options for patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL). The inefficient localization of radiolabeled mAbs to the solid tumors has refrained RIT from being applied to those diseases. Still, small volume or minimal residual disease has been recogenized as a potentially suitable target for radiolabeled antibodies. RIT appears promising for future cancer therapy.
2006, 30(2): 84-87.
Abstract:
Recently stem cell therapy has showed potential clinical application in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumor and trauma. Efficient techniques of non-invasively monitoring stem cell transplants will accelerate the development of stem cell therapies. This paper briefly reviews the clinical practice of stem cell, in addition, makes a review of monitoring methods including magnetic resonance and radionuclide imaging which have been used in stem cell therapy.
Recently stem cell therapy has showed potential clinical application in diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumor and trauma. Efficient techniques of non-invasively monitoring stem cell transplants will accelerate the development of stem cell therapies. This paper briefly reviews the clinical practice of stem cell, in addition, makes a review of monitoring methods including magnetic resonance and radionuclide imaging which have been used in stem cell therapy.
2006, 30(2): 87-90.
Abstract:
The skeleton is one of the most common metastatic sites in patients with maligancy skeletal metastases are clinically significant because of associated symptoms, complications such as pathological fracture and their profound significance for staging, treatment and prognosis. Detection of bone metastases is, thus, an important part of treatment planning. The frequency with which metastases are detected varies considerably with the type of primary tumor and with the methodology utilized for detection. Bone scan is the most common modality in detection bone metastases. But its accuracy in early stage of bone metastases is limited. 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG are two different positron tracers, which can detect bone metastases by osteoblastic reaction of bone to the presence of tumors and directly tumor imaging, separately. Combination with the high resolution of PET, especialy the PE-CT which also provide a better anatomic localization, the accuracy of detection of bone metastases was improved significantly.
The skeleton is one of the most common metastatic sites in patients with maligancy skeletal metastases are clinically significant because of associated symptoms, complications such as pathological fracture and their profound significance for staging, treatment and prognosis. Detection of bone metastases is, thus, an important part of treatment planning. The frequency with which metastases are detected varies considerably with the type of primary tumor and with the methodology utilized for detection. Bone scan is the most common modality in detection bone metastases. But its accuracy in early stage of bone metastases is limited. 18F-NaF and 18F-FDG are two different positron tracers, which can detect bone metastases by osteoblastic reaction of bone to the presence of tumors and directly tumor imaging, separately. Combination with the high resolution of PET, especialy the PE-CT which also provide a better anatomic localization, the accuracy of detection of bone metastases was improved significantly.
2006, 30(2): 91-93.
Abstract:
The sentinel lymph node is the initial recipient of possible metastasis. Lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe seems to be reliable in identifying the sentinel lymph nodes, And it is feasible to predict regional nodal metastases by sentinel lymph node detection in head and neck carcinoma. The sentinel lymph node technique is a valuable tool in the staging of head and neck carcinoma.
The sentinel lymph node is the initial recipient of possible metastasis. Lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe seems to be reliable in identifying the sentinel lymph nodes, And it is feasible to predict regional nodal metastases by sentinel lymph node detection in head and neck carcinoma. The sentinel lymph node technique is a valuable tool in the staging of head and neck carcinoma.
2006, 30(2): 94-97.
Abstract:
18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG) PET is a king of functional imaging technique. It can reveal occult distant melastases on routine imaging. It has a significant clinical impact on detecting cervical nodal involvement, distant metastasis. 18F-FDC PET is also superior to conventional anatomic imaging modalities in monitoring curative effect and differentiating recurrent or residual disease from therapy-induced changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Compared with CT and MRI, the inherent limitation of 18F-FDG PET is poor anatomic resolution. Combined PET and CT (PET-CT) can often overcome these difficulties by fusing anatomic and physiological data.
18F-fluorodeoxyglueose (18F-FDG) PET is a king of functional imaging technique. It can reveal occult distant melastases on routine imaging. It has a significant clinical impact on detecting cervical nodal involvement, distant metastasis. 18F-FDC PET is also superior to conventional anatomic imaging modalities in monitoring curative effect and differentiating recurrent or residual disease from therapy-induced changes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Compared with CT and MRI, the inherent limitation of 18F-FDG PET is poor anatomic resolution. Combined PET and CT (PET-CT) can often overcome these difficulties by fusing anatomic and physiological data.
2006, 30(2): 97-99.
Abstract:
Radiotherapy is a safe and effective management strategy for a variety of intracerebral tumors. 18F-FDG PET can provide information about the biologic characteristics of malignant cells and differentiate recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis, the sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET is 80% to 90% and 40% to 100%. 18F-FDG PET can predict the survival in high-grade recurrent gloima. The diagnostic and prognostic information can be provided by 18F-FDG PET. Co-registration of MRI or CT on a single computer may improve diagnostic accuracy of PET after radiotherapy for intracerebral tumors.
Radiotherapy is a safe and effective management strategy for a variety of intracerebral tumors. 18F-FDG PET can provide information about the biologic characteristics of malignant cells and differentiate recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis, the sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET is 80% to 90% and 40% to 100%. 18F-FDG PET can predict the survival in high-grade recurrent gloima. The diagnostic and prognostic information can be provided by 18F-FDG PET. Co-registration of MRI or CT on a single computer may improve diagnostic accuracy of PET after radiotherapy for intracerebral tumors.
2006, 30(2): 99-102.
Abstract:
The tumor positive imaging with high sensitivity and specificity was useful in primary tumor, recurrences and metastases. 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi have been used in diagnosising benign and malignant tumor, looking for metastatic tumor and evaluating treatment effects and prognosis. The application of 99mTc-N(NOEt)2 is being searched.
The tumor positive imaging with high sensitivity and specificity was useful in primary tumor, recurrences and metastases. 201Tl and 99mTc-sestamibi have been used in diagnosising benign and malignant tumor, looking for metastatic tumor and evaluating treatment effects and prognosis. The application of 99mTc-N(NOEt)2 is being searched.
2006, 30(2): 103-106.
Abstract:
Time-resolved fluorescence assay is a new nonisotopic and ultrasensitive detection method of using lanthanide chelate as detectable label and detect lanthanide chelate fluorescence, having a great prospect. In recent years, a serial of assay systems have been developed quickly and have more sensitivity, such as enzyme-amplified time-resolved fluorescence assay, time-resolved quenching assay and molecular beacon. They fit for more different requirement, and have been gotten a broader application in clinical diagnosis and science research.
Time-resolved fluorescence assay is a new nonisotopic and ultrasensitive detection method of using lanthanide chelate as detectable label and detect lanthanide chelate fluorescence, having a great prospect. In recent years, a serial of assay systems have been developed quickly and have more sensitivity, such as enzyme-amplified time-resolved fluorescence assay, time-resolved quenching assay and molecular beacon. They fit for more different requirement, and have been gotten a broader application in clinical diagnosis and science research.
2006, 30(2): 107-109.
Abstract:
Objective Appraise the clinical signification how the serum total bilirubin (TB), cholylglycine(CG), α-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA 19-9) have their concentration changes in the pathological changes of intrahepatic cholestasis through a combined detection to them.Methods The serum samples from 96 cases of chronic virus hepatitis, 26 cases of liver cirrhosis and 50 cases of normal people were detected by biochemistry for TB, by radioimmunoassay for CG, by eletro-chemilumineseence for AFP and CA19-9.Results There is no obvious deference of serum TB in the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, the group of cholestasis without clinical symptoms and the control group. There is also a marked deference (P<0.01) in the group of cholestasis with clinical symptoms, the group of liver cirrhosis, the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, the control group and the group of cholestasis without clinical symptoms. The serum CG from the groups of intrahepatic cholestasis, the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, and the control group all show a very obvious deference (P<0.01). The serum CA19-9 from the groups of intrahepatie cholestasis and the group without intrahepatic cholestasis show an obvious deference. The serum AFP, CA19-9 from the group of liver cancer show a very obvious deference (P<0.0).Conclusions In clinc bilirubin is a rough index to reflect cholestasis. It has its own limit in deciding patterns of deferent bile obstruction. In the early stage of intrahepatic cholestasis, that the index of CG is high obviously points out existence of intrahepatic cholestasis. CG and the liver impairment are well interrelated and they are comparatively sensitive indexes of liver function. AFP reflects the regeneration of the liver cell necrosis and it means alarm to the seriousness of intrahepatic cholestasis. CA19-9 is a marker of tumor of biliary tract. The index increase through an initial observation is interrelated to the seriousness of intrahepatic cholestasis.
Objective Appraise the clinical signification how the serum total bilirubin (TB), cholylglycine(CG), α-fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA 19-9) have their concentration changes in the pathological changes of intrahepatic cholestasis through a combined detection to them.Methods The serum samples from 96 cases of chronic virus hepatitis, 26 cases of liver cirrhosis and 50 cases of normal people were detected by biochemistry for TB, by radioimmunoassay for CG, by eletro-chemilumineseence for AFP and CA19-9.Results There is no obvious deference of serum TB in the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, the group of cholestasis without clinical symptoms and the control group. There is also a marked deference (P<0.01) in the group of cholestasis with clinical symptoms, the group of liver cirrhosis, the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, the control group and the group of cholestasis without clinical symptoms. The serum CG from the groups of intrahepatic cholestasis, the group without intrahepatic cholestasis, and the control group all show a very obvious deference (P<0.01). The serum CA19-9 from the groups of intrahepatie cholestasis and the group without intrahepatic cholestasis show an obvious deference. The serum AFP, CA19-9 from the group of liver cancer show a very obvious deference (P<0.0).Conclusions In clinc bilirubin is a rough index to reflect cholestasis. It has its own limit in deciding patterns of deferent bile obstruction. In the early stage of intrahepatic cholestasis, that the index of CG is high obviously points out existence of intrahepatic cholestasis. CG and the liver impairment are well interrelated and they are comparatively sensitive indexes of liver function. AFP reflects the regeneration of the liver cell necrosis and it means alarm to the seriousness of intrahepatic cholestasis. CA19-9 is a marker of tumor of biliary tract. The index increase through an initial observation is interrelated to the seriousness of intrahepatic cholestasis.
2006, 30(2): 110-113.
Abstract:
Objective To explore the effects of smalf interfering RNA(siRNA) specific to Bcl-2 gene on radiosensitivity of oesophageal cancer cells.Methods The eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA was constructed and introduced into oesophageal cancer cells EC 109 by lipofectamine. Bcl-2 protein expression in EC 109 cells was detected by Western blot. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate apoptosis of EC109. Clone forming assay and nude mice xenograft assay were used to determine the inhibitory effects of X radiation combined with Bcl-2 gene specific siRNA.Results Western blot analysis demonstrated that eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA successfully suppressed Bcl-2 protein expression in EC 109 cells. Bcl-2 gene siRNA could induce apoptosis of EC 109 cells, enhance the inhibitory effects of X radiation on clone forming ability of EC 109 cells and xenograft growth in nude mice.Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity of oesophageal cancer cells and can be used as a powerful adjunct to conventional radiotherapy.
Objective To explore the effects of smalf interfering RNA(siRNA) specific to Bcl-2 gene on radiosensitivity of oesophageal cancer cells.Methods The eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA was constructed and introduced into oesophageal cancer cells EC 109 by lipofectamine. Bcl-2 protein expression in EC 109 cells was detected by Western blot. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate apoptosis of EC109. Clone forming assay and nude mice xenograft assay were used to determine the inhibitory effects of X radiation combined with Bcl-2 gene specific siRNA.Results Western blot analysis demonstrated that eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA successfully suppressed Bcl-2 protein expression in EC 109 cells. Bcl-2 gene siRNA could induce apoptosis of EC 109 cells, enhance the inhibitory effects of X radiation on clone forming ability of EC 109 cells and xenograft growth in nude mice.Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector of Bcl-2 gene siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity of oesophageal cancer cells and can be used as a powerful adjunct to conventional radiotherapy.
2006, 30(2): 114-116.
Abstract:
Objective To study the protective effects of polysaceharides of Tremella fueiformis on hematopoietic function in radiation-injured mice.Methods Colony-forming unit of spleen(CFU-S), number of nucleated cells in bone marrow (BMNC) and spleen index were used to investigated the effect of polysaccharides from tremella fuciformis at 6mg/kg、12mg/kg、24mg/kg on hematopoietic function of mice irradiated with 7.5 Gy 137Csγ-rays.Results On the 9 th day after irradiation compared with the negative control group number of nucleated cells in bone marrow, colony-forming unit of spleen and spleen index of mice have treated with polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis intraperitoneally for three days prior to irradiation increased markedly.Conclusion Polysaccharides of tremella fuciformis have protective effect on hematopoietic function of radiation-injured mice.
Objective To study the protective effects of polysaceharides of Tremella fueiformis on hematopoietic function in radiation-injured mice.Methods Colony-forming unit of spleen(CFU-S), number of nucleated cells in bone marrow (BMNC) and spleen index were used to investigated the effect of polysaccharides from tremella fuciformis at 6mg/kg、12mg/kg、24mg/kg on hematopoietic function of mice irradiated with 7.5 Gy 137Csγ-rays.Results On the 9 th day after irradiation compared with the negative control group number of nucleated cells in bone marrow, colony-forming unit of spleen and spleen index of mice have treated with polysaccharides from Tremella fuciformis intraperitoneally for three days prior to irradiation increased markedly.Conclusion Polysaccharides of tremella fuciformis have protective effect on hematopoietic function of radiation-injured mice.
2006, 30(2): 116-119.
Abstract:
Poly ADP-ribose ploymerase (PARP) is a kind of ploymerase which widely exists in cells, has the function of protein modification and nucleotide polymerazition, and participates in the repair processes after DNA has been damaged. It has been proved that PARP has lots of physiological and biochemistry functions and correlates with cell death. Many kinds of damage factors such as radiation may influence the activity of PARP.
Poly ADP-ribose ploymerase (PARP) is a kind of ploymerase which widely exists in cells, has the function of protein modification and nucleotide polymerazition, and participates in the repair processes after DNA has been damaged. It has been proved that PARP has lots of physiological and biochemistry functions and correlates with cell death. Many kinds of damage factors such as radiation may influence the activity of PARP.
2006, 30(2): 120-121,126.
Abstract:
Radiogenetic therapy is a heated reaseach on oncotherapy. Early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) gene promoter is a probably means in radiogenetic therapy. The article review studying on Egr-1 gene promoter and constructing regulating gene expressing system by radiation-inducible Egr-1 gene promoter.
Radiogenetic therapy is a heated reaseach on oncotherapy. Early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) gene promoter is a probably means in radiogenetic therapy. The article review studying on Egr-1 gene promoter and constructing regulating gene expressing system by radiation-inducible Egr-1 gene promoter.
2006, 30(2): 122-126.
Abstract:
The clinical results of anti-angiogenesis, which targets at the vascular system in malignancies, are not satisfying at present. In this paper, reviewed results of some recent studies, which combined anti-angiogenesis with radiotherapy, and analyzed the possible mechanisms of combination therapy.
The clinical results of anti-angiogenesis, which targets at the vascular system in malignancies, are not satisfying at present. In this paper, reviewed results of some recent studies, which combined anti-angiogenesis with radiotherapy, and analyzed the possible mechanisms of combination therapy.
2006, 30(2): 127-128.
Abstract:
Radioactive seeds have been used to treat pancreatic carcinoma in the early twenty cen-tries. Advances in the therapy of pancreatic carcinoma with radioactive seeds is slow because of the limitations of radiobiology and radiophysics, unsoundness of implantation technique and implantation plan system. As the radioactive seeds 125I have been used since the late 1960s and radiobiology and radiophysics of radionucide has been studied profoundly, fast development of three-dimensional treatment plan system, useness of ultrasonically guided percutaneous implantation therapy for pancreatic carcinoma with radioactive seeds rise again.
Radioactive seeds have been used to treat pancreatic carcinoma in the early twenty cen-tries. Advances in the therapy of pancreatic carcinoma with radioactive seeds is slow because of the limitations of radiobiology and radiophysics, unsoundness of implantation technique and implantation plan system. As the radioactive seeds 125I have been used since the late 1960s and radiobiology and radiophysics of radionucide has been studied profoundly, fast development of three-dimensional treatment plan system, useness of ultrasonically guided percutaneous implantation therapy for pancreatic carcinoma with radioactive seeds rise again.
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