Volume 42 Issue 3
Jun.  2018
Article Contents

Citation:

Characteristics of late gadolinium enhancement in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  • Corresponding author: Chaowu Yan, chaowuyan@163.com
  • Received Date: 2018-03-19
    Fund Project:

    National Natural Science Foundation of China 81670283

    Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission Z171100001017194

    Beijing Natural Science Foundation 7162160

  • ObjectiveTo analyze the prevalence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in children with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM).MethodsCardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR) was performed consecutively in 71 children with idiopathic HCM(12.8 ±4.1 years old; 46 males, 25 females) from January 2006 to January 2012. Left ventricular (LV) parameters indexed by the body surface area were calculated, and LGE was carried out. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and differences in the two groups were compared via a log-rank test.ResultsOf the total number of children with HCM, 9 patients (12.7%) had concentric LV hypertrophy, and 2 of these 9 patients progressed into an end-stage phase. The prevalence of LGE was 73%. The LV mass index of the children with HCM subjected to LGE was greater than that of the other group[(112.7±57.9) g/m2 vs. (70.3±37.4) g/m2, t=2.71, P=0.025], but their maximal LV wall thickness index was not significantly different[(19.4±6.3) vs. (18.1±7.9) mm/m2, t=0.69, P=0.513]. Follow-up (2.4±1.6 years) revealed that LGE was associated with the adverse events in children with HCM (log-rank, χ2=4.77, P=0.029).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LGE in childhood HCM was similar to that in adult HCM. Children with HCM subjected to LGE likely suffered from adverse events.
  • 加载中
  • [1] Maron MS, Maron BJ. Clinical Impact of Contemporary Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132(4):292-298. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014283.
    [2] Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:executive summary:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[J]. Circulation, 2011, 124(24):2761-2796. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318223e230.
    [3] Briasoulis A, Mallikethi-Reddy S, Palla M, et al. Myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance and cardiac outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:a meta-analysis[J]. Heart, 2015, 101(17):1406-1411. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307682.
    [4] Choi HM, Kim KH, Lee JM, et al. Myocardial fibrosis progression on cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]Heart, 2015, 101(11):870-876. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306555.
    [5] Mclellan AJ, Ellims AH, Prabhu S, et al. Diffuse Ventricular Fibrosis on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Mmaging Associates with Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[J]. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, 2016, 27(5):571-580. DOI:10.1111/jce.12948.
    [6] Ellims AH, Iles LM, Ling LH, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: linking genotype with fibrotic phenotype[J]. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 2014, 15(10):1108-1116. DOI:10.1093/ehjci/jeu077.
    [7] Chaowu Y, Li L, Shihua Z. Histopathological features of delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in isolated left ventricular noncompaction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011, 58(3):311-312. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.053.
    [8] Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, et al. Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2010, 56(11):875-887. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.007.
    [9] Ismail TF, Jabbour A, Gulati A, et al. Role of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the risk stratification of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]. Heart, 2014, 100(23):1851-1858. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-305471.
    [10] Hurtado-de-Mendoza D, Corona-Villalobos CP, Pozios I, et al. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance is associated with dispersion of ventricular repolarization in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]. J Arrhythm, 2017, 33(3):201-207. DOI:10.1016/j.joa.2016.10.005.
    [11] Todiere G, Aquaro GD, Piaggi P, et al. Progression of myocardial fibrosis assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012, 60(10):922-929. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.076.
    [12] Sato Y, Matsumoto N, Yoda S, et al. Mid-ventricular obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with apical aneurysm: report of 2 cases[J/OL]. Int J Cardiol, 2008, 129(3): e88-90[2018-03-18]. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527307014799?via%3Dihub. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.134.
    [13] 王妍, 何继强, 高阅春, 等. 711例肥厚型心肌病患者临床特征分析[J].中国循环杂志, 2011, 26(6): 434-437. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2011.06.010.Wang Y, He JQ, Gao YC, et al. Clinical characteristic analysis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 711 patients[J]. Chin Circul J, 2011, 26(6):434-437. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2011.06.010
    [14] 李华, 闫朝武, 徐仲英, 等.肥厚型心肌病合并左心室心尖部室壁瘤患者的临床特征[J].中国循环杂志, 2016, 31(7):679-682. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.07.014.Li H, Yan CW, Xu ZY, et al. Clinical features in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy combining left ventricular apical aneurysm[J]. Chin Circul J, 2016, 31(7):679-682. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2016.07.014
  • 加载中
通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
  • 1. 

    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

  1. 本站搜索
  2. 百度学术搜索
  3. 万方数据库搜索
  4. CNKI搜索

Figures(3) / Tables(1)

Article Metrics

Article views(3276) PDF downloads(7) Cited by()

Related
Proportional views

Characteristics of late gadolinium enhancement in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

    Corresponding author: Chaowu Yan, chaowuyan@163.com
  • 1. National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Structural Heart Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
  • 2. National Center of Cardiovasculan Diseases, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Fund Project:  National Natural Science Foundation of China 81670283Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission Z171100001017194Beijing Natural Science Foundation 7162160

Abstract: ObjectiveTo analyze the prevalence of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in children with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM).MethodsCardiac magnetic resonance imaging(CMR) was performed consecutively in 71 children with idiopathic HCM(12.8 ±4.1 years old; 46 males, 25 females) from January 2006 to January 2012. Left ventricular (LV) parameters indexed by the body surface area were calculated, and LGE was carried out. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and differences in the two groups were compared via a log-rank test.ResultsOf the total number of children with HCM, 9 patients (12.7%) had concentric LV hypertrophy, and 2 of these 9 patients progressed into an end-stage phase. The prevalence of LGE was 73%. The LV mass index of the children with HCM subjected to LGE was greater than that of the other group[(112.7±57.9) g/m2 vs. (70.3±37.4) g/m2, t=2.71, P=0.025], but their maximal LV wall thickness index was not significantly different[(19.4±6.3) vs. (18.1±7.9) mm/m2, t=0.69, P=0.513]. Follow-up (2.4±1.6 years) revealed that LGE was associated with the adverse events in children with HCM (log-rank, χ2=4.77, P=0.029).ConclusionsThe prevalence of LGE in childhood HCM was similar to that in adult HCM. Children with HCM subjected to LGE likely suffered from adverse events.

    HTML

  • 儿童肥厚型心肌病(hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,HCM)约占儿童心肌病的42%,每年病死率约为1%,成为一种严重危害儿童健康的疾病[1]。有研究认为,HCM属遗传性心脏病的一种,因其遗传基因和临床表型都存在很大的异质性,导致临床诊断儿童HCM面临许多困难,尤其是如何鉴别出高危HCM患儿更成为临床一大挑战[2-3]。心脏MRI拥有良好的空间和软组织分辨率,是目前诊断HCM最准确的方法,其Gd-DTPA心肌延迟强化显像被认为具有判断HCM预后的功能[4]。本研究收集了儿童HCM的心肌MRI资料,分析其临床相关影像学特征。

1.   资料与方法

    1.1.   一般资料

  • 收集2006年1月至2012年1月我院收治的共71例HCM患儿,其中,男性46例、女性25例,年龄2~17岁,平均年龄(12.8±4.1)岁。所有患儿均于1周内接受了心电图、X线胸片及超声心动图检查。接受心脏磁共振检查前,所有患儿家长均签署了知情同意书。

  • 1.2.   儿童HCM的心脏磁共振成像诊断标准

  • 排除能够引起室壁肥厚的其他心血管疾病或者全身疾患的情况,左心室壁存在明确肥厚(根据体表面积计算,超过正常儿童室壁厚度平均值±2SD以上)[1]。左心室存在压力阶差≥20 mm Hg(左心导管检查)或≥30 mm Hg(超声心动图),被认为存在梗阻(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)[2]。左心室射血分数<50%,诊断为终末期HCM[5-6]

  • 1.3.   心脏MR扫描与分析

  • 1.5T超导MRI仪(Avanto,德国西门子公司),最大梯度场为45 mT/m,最大梯度切换率为200 mT·m-1·ms-1,采用8通道心脏线圈和6通道脊柱线圈。心电门控采用MRI兼容的无线矢量心电门控板。注射器为MRI兼容的双筒Medrad高压注射器,对比剂为德国先灵公司的马根维显(Magnevist)。常规扫描包括黑血序列即半傅立叶采集单次激发快速自旋回波序列(half-Fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo,HASTE),可观察心脏和大血管的形态结构。心血管电影采用亮血序列,为回顾性心电门真实稳态自由进动控梯度回波序列,分别行左心室两腔心长轴、四腔心长轴、左心室流出道切面及6~8层左心室短轴电影。MRI扫描参数[7]:视野(FOV)为250 mm×188 mm;层厚4.5 mm;矩阵96 mm×128 mm;重复时间(TR)为2.8 ms;回波时间(TE)为1.39 ms。增强心肌首过灌注以剂量为0.1 mmol/kg、流速为45 mL/s注射对比剂,完成后追加20 mL生理盐水,注射与扫描同时开始,采用时间调整敏感度编码平面回波梯度回波序列。心肌灌注完成后立即以2 mL/s的流速追加0.10~0.15 mmol/kg剂量的对比剂,同时追加20 mL生理盐水,5 min后行相位敏感反转恢复序列的T1加权扫描(PSIR),包括6~8层左心室短轴切面(层间距10 mm,层面数根据具体情况而定,绝大多数患者需6~8层),左心室两腔心切面及四腔心切面各1层。采用亮血序列测量左心室各参数,其中室壁厚度取舒张末期切线位测量。根据左心室心肌是否存在延迟强化,将患儿分为延迟强化组和非延迟强化组。

  • 1.4.   随访

  • 超声心动图检查评估左心室功能,24 h动态心电图评估心律失常情况。不良心血管事件包括心源性猝死、新发充血性心力衰竭或心功能分级加重、持续性和(或)非持续性室性心动过速、脑卒中。所有HCM患儿的随访终点均为心源性猝死或心脏移植。随访过程中,无患儿失访。

  • 1.5.   统计学分析

  • 采用SPSS 11.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料采用均数±标准差,计数资料采用百分比。鉴于两组样本均来自正态总体并且方差相同,因此两组临床数据间的统计学分析采用t检验。应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析延迟强化组和非延迟强化组预后差别。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2.   结果

    2.1.   临床特征

  • 71例HCM患儿中,纽约心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级患儿15例、Ⅱ级34例、Ⅲ级19例、Ⅳ级3例;终末期HCM患儿3例,其中2例为非梗阻型对称性肥厚、1例为梗阻型非对称性肥厚;27例患儿具有明确HCM相关家族史,其中5例患儿有HCM相关心源性猝死家族史;超声心动图检查结果显示33例患儿为梗阻型,其中1例为左心室室中梗阻、2例为右心室梗阻;其他具体临床特征见表 1。X线胸片结果显示心胸比为45.4%±6.0%,3例患儿存在肺淤血。心电图检查结果显示64例患儿存在左心室高电压及ST-T改变。17例患儿接受心血管造影检查,其中4例患儿存在冠状动脉肌桥形成,并且均位于前降支。

    项目 例数/(n,%)
    性别(男/女) 46/25
    晕厥 11(15.5)
    胸痛不适 23(32.4)
    收缩期杂音 41(57.7)
    肥厚型心肌病家族史 27(38.0)
    纽约心功能分级(Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ/Ⅳ) 15/34/19/3
    终末期肥厚型心肌病 3(4.3)
    肥厚心肌类型
      室间隔 60(84.5)
      心尖 2(2.8)
      向心性 9(12.7)
      双心室受累 4(5.6)
    超声心动图特征
      梗阻型 33(46.5)
      左心室室壁厚度≥30 mm 19(26.8)
    药物治疗
      β-阻滞剂 14(19.7)
      钙离子拮抗剂 8(11.3)
      利尿剂 2(2.8)

    Table 1.  Clinical characteristics of the children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

  • 2.2.   心脏MRI结果

  • MRI结果显示,4例(5.6%)患儿双心室受累(图 1),9例(12.7%)患儿左心室存在对称性肥厚,60例(84.5%)患儿存在室间隔肥厚(图 2),2例(2.8%)患儿心尖肥厚,3例(4.2%)患儿存在左心室心尖部室壁瘤形成。延迟强化成像结果显示,52例(73%)患儿存在心肌延迟强化,其中男性33例,女性19例,并且均位于肥厚心肌内,其中局限性强化占59%,弥漫性强化占41%。3例左心室心尖部室壁瘤形成患儿,室壁瘤存在透壁性强化。值得注意的是,2例恶性心律失常抢救成功的患儿和3例终末期HCM患儿左心室心肌均存在延迟强化。出现心肌延迟强化的患儿其左心室质量高于非延迟强化组患儿[(112.7±57.9)g/m2 vs.(70.3±37.4)g/m2],两组间差异有统计学意义(t=2.71,P=0.025),但两组左心室室壁厚度[(19.4±6.3)mm/m2 vs.(18.1±7.9)mm/m2]比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.69,P=0.513)。

    Figure 1.  Cardiac MRI of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with biventricular involvement(a 7-year-old girl)

    Figure 2.  Cardiac MRI of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic interventricular septum(a 13-year-old girl)

  • 2.3.   随访结果

  • HCM患儿的平均随访时间为(2.4±1.6)年,心肌存在延迟强化的患儿有11例发生不良心血管事件,包括室颤2例(其中1例植入埋藏式心律转复除颤器),非持续性室速7例,充血性心力衰竭加重2例,心脏移植2例(病理学证实延迟强化心肌存在纤维瘢痕替代)。心肌无延迟强化的患儿组(图 3)随访期间未发生不良心血管病事件,与延迟强化的患儿组相比,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.77,P=0.029)。

    Figure 3.  Cardiac MRI of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic interventricular septum(a 9-year-old girl)

3.   讨论
  • 成人HCM患者中,心脏MRI的临床价值已经得到确认,能够为患者危险分层提供重要信息[8-10]。在儿童HCM患者中,其临床应用价值尚不明了。本研究结果显示,MR心肌延迟强化也同样存在于儿童患者中,并且其发生率和预后价值与成人HCM患者相近。另外,本研究数据显示,在儿童HCM患者中,其临床分型也具有一定特点,尤其是向心性对称肥厚比例较高。这些特点对指导儿童HCM的临床诊断和治疗具有重要价值。

    本研究结果显示,儿童HCM中心肌延迟强化的发生率与成人患者接近[1],并且也与患儿预后密切相关。在成人HCM患者中,MRI心肌延迟强化的机制和预后价值已经获得了证实,但在儿童患者中却缺乏相关文献的证实[11]。本研究中,2例终末期HCM患儿接受了心脏移植,其病理学标本提示了延迟强化心肌对应心肌的纤维化和瘢痕组织,这一特点与成人患者一致[1],也为下一步的临床应用提供了组织学证据。随访研究结果证实,延迟强化组的患儿不良心血管事件发生率高,而非延迟强化组无不良心血管事件。研究结果进一步证实MRI心肌延迟强化对儿童HCM患者也同样具有危险分层的重要价值。另外,本研究HCM患儿中延迟强化组的左心室质量高于非延迟强化组,这一点也与成人HCM患者一致[3]。然而,不同于成人患者,这些患儿的心脏仍然处于发育过程中,随着患儿年龄的增加,其左室质量将进一步增加,但尚不清楚其心肌延迟强化的发生率和累及范围是否会出现相应的变化。

    本研究中,对称性肥厚患儿的比例占12.7%,远远高于成人HCM患者。另外,非梗阻的对称性肥厚存在于2例终末期HCM患儿中,并被心脏移植结果所证实。研究结果提示对称性左心室肥厚具有进展为终末期的风险。近年来的研究也发现,终末期HCM患者的心肌肥厚通常不单单局限在室间隔部位,而且往往在疾病的早期被发现,其中儿童患者占1/3[1]。因此,早期发现儿童HCM患者中的对称性肥厚具有重要的临床意义,能够指导临床尽早采取相关治疗措施。

    儿童HCM中,左心室心尖部室壁瘤和终末期HCM的发生率与成人患者接近。近年来的研究已经证实,这两类HCM亚型的预后不良,需要临床高度关注[12, 14]。本研究中这两个亚型的患儿肥厚心肌内均存在延迟强化,可以部分解释其不良预后[12-14]。另外,本研究中患儿左心室心尖部室壁瘤大多发生在年龄较大的儿童中,这一点值得关注,我们推测其机制可能是室壁瘤是随着病变时间缓慢形成的,但还需要进一步的研究证实。本研究HCM患儿因为受病例数量和随访时间的限制,难以全面反映儿童HCM的临床情况。为全面了解HCM患儿的临床特征,需要更大规模的临床研究。

Reference (14)

Catalog

/

DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
Return
Return