Volume 38 Issue 6
Dec.  2014
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Comparison of three methods to diagnose syphilis, CLIA, TRUST and TPPA

  • Corresponding author: Jinshun Zha, zjs630805@126.com
  • Received Date: 2014-10-16
  • Objective To compare the strengths and weaknesses of chemiluminescence immune assay(CLIA), treponema pallidum particle agglutination test(TPPA), toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST)in syphilis testing, and choose the appropriate method for clinical syphilis testing. Methods A total of 446 syphilitic and 398 health control were enrolled in this subject. Three kinds of syphilis testing methods(CLIA, TRUST, TPPA) were used to detect treponema pallidum, and the difference and clinical practice of these methods were compared. Results The detection sensitivity of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA were 98.2%, 80.3% and 94.8%, respectively; While the specificity of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA were 98.5%, 76.4% and 99.7%, respectively. The false positive rate of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA in control group were 1.5%, 23.6% and 0.2%, respectively. Conclusions Compared with TPPA, the sensitivity of CLIA were higher. CLIA was well reproducible and easy to operate, which can be used for syphilis screening. And the positive samples should be combined with TPPA results and clinical symptoms to diagnose TP. The TRUST method is mainly used to evaluate clinical effects of syphilis.
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  • [1] 高坎坎.梅毒常见血清学检测方法的评价[J].安徽医学, 2010, 38(6): 698-700. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0399.2010.06.062
    [2] 刘凤翔, 农皓, 李泫熹. 3种方法检测特殊人群梅毒的结果分析[J].医学动物防制, 2011, 27(3): 289-290. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6245.2011.03.044
    [3] 李珍瑶, 龙华泉, 陈银仲. 3种常用梅毒检测方法的比较[J].中国医药科学, 2011(19): 140-141.
    [4] 石玉萍, 李瑞莲, 王淑春.梅毒螺旋体酶联免疫吸附试验梅毒螺旋体被动颗粒凝集试验和快速血浆反应素试验3种实验方法的比较[J].山西医药杂志, 2009, 38(4): 379-380.
    [5] 姚家奎, 丁德坤, 吴婷婷, 等. CLIA法检测高龄患者梅毒特异性抗体的临床应用[J].放射免疫学杂志, 2013, 26(6): 822-823. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9810.2013.06.066
    [6] 郑炘, 刘纹, 刘晓敏. ARCHITECT-i2000SR全自动化学发光免疫分析仪检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体临床应用评价[J].国际检验医学杂志, 2012, 33(18): 2246-2247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4130.2012.18.037
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Comparison of three methods to diagnose syphilis, CLIA, TRUST and TPPA

    Corresponding author: Jinshun Zha, zjs630805@126.com
  • Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China

Abstract:  Objective To compare the strengths and weaknesses of chemiluminescence immune assay(CLIA), treponema pallidum particle agglutination test(TPPA), toluidine red unheated serum test(TRUST)in syphilis testing, and choose the appropriate method for clinical syphilis testing. Methods A total of 446 syphilitic and 398 health control were enrolled in this subject. Three kinds of syphilis testing methods(CLIA, TRUST, TPPA) were used to detect treponema pallidum, and the difference and clinical practice of these methods were compared. Results The detection sensitivity of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA were 98.2%, 80.3% and 94.8%, respectively; While the specificity of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA were 98.5%, 76.4% and 99.7%, respectively. The false positive rate of CLIA, TRUST and TPPA in control group were 1.5%, 23.6% and 0.2%, respectively. Conclusions Compared with TPPA, the sensitivity of CLIA were higher. CLIA was well reproducible and easy to operate, which can be used for syphilis screening. And the positive samples should be combined with TPPA results and clinical symptoms to diagnose TP. The TRUST method is mainly used to evaluate clinical effects of syphilis.

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  • 梅毒是一种由梅毒螺旋体感染机体所引起的慢性全身性疾病,它主要通过性接触传播,是较常见的性传播疾病。此外,母婴传播、输血传播也是梅毒的传播方式。近年来,我国梅毒的感染人数急剧增多,严重危害了人类的健康。梅毒的早期诊断和及时治疗可以有效地减少梅毒感染的危害。目前,国内外检测梅毒的方法主要有梅毒螺旋体明胶凝集试验(treponemal pallidum particle agglutination test,TPPA)、甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(toluidine red unheatedserum test,TRUST)、梅毒螺旋体酶联免疫吸附试验、胶体金试纸法以及梅毒的化学发光免疫分析(chemiluminescence immune assay,CLIA)法。本研究通过比较CLIA、TPPA、TRUST 3种检测方法的优缺点,为临床诊断及疗效监测提供更为合适的检验方法。

1.   资料与方法

    1.1.   一般资料

  • 随机选取2011年2月至2013年12月在我院皮肤科、泌尿生殖科及妇产科就诊的临床确诊的梅毒感染患者446例,其中,男性235例、女性211例,年龄5~78岁,平均年龄35.3岁。另随机选取非梅毒感染健康体检者398例,其中,男性210例、女性188例,年龄5~75岁,平均年龄32.3岁。梅毒感染组和健康对照组的性别、年龄比差异无统计学意义。

  • 1.2.   仪器和试剂

  • 检测仪器为德国西门子公司生产的ARCHITECT-i2000SR全自动化学发光免疫分析仪及配套试剂;TRUST试剂盒由北京万泰生物药业有限公司生产;TPPA试剂盒由日本富士株式会社提供。

  • 1.3.   方法

  • 分别采用CLIA、TRUST、TPPA 3种方法对所有患者的血清标本进行检测,所有操作严格按照仪器标准操作规程和试剂使用说明书进行。

  • 1.4.   统计学处理

  • 所有数据均采用SPSS13.0统计软件进行分析,计数资料比较采用χ2检验,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2.   结果
  • 在梅毒感染组中,CLIA、TRUST、TPPA检查的阳性病例数分别为438例、358例和423例,CLIA、TRUST和TPPA的检测灵敏度分别为98.2%(438/446)、80.3%(358/446)和94.8%(423/446),特异度分别为98.5%(392/398)、76.4%(304/398)和99.7%(397/398)。CLIA和TPPA的灵敏度显著高于TRUST(χ2=74.707、43.473,P均<0.001),CLIA的灵敏度略高于TPPA,但差异有统计学意义(χ2 =7.519,P<0.05);与TRUST比较,CLIA和TPPA的特异度均明显高于TRUST(χ2=88.566、103.400,P均<0.001),CLIA特异度略低于TPPA法,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.603,P>0.05)。在对照组中,CLIA、TRUST和TPPA检查的阳性病例数分别为6例、94例和1例,TRUST的假阳性率最高(23.6%),CLIA次之(1.5%),TPPA最低(0.2%)。

3.   讨论
  • 梅毒是一种性传播疾病,有研究结果显示,梅毒在性传播疾病中的危害仅次于艾滋病,而患者在感染了梅毒的同时也增加了感染艾滋病的概率[1],因此梅毒已经成为了危害人类健康的一种重要疾病。早期诊断对梅毒及时治疗有着至关重要的作用。机体感染梅毒螺旋体一段时间之后(约4~10周),人血清中可以产生一定量的非特异性的抗类脂质抗原的反应性抗体以及针对梅毒螺旋体抗原的特异性抗体。

    TRUST是检测血清中非特异性的类脂质抗体,此类非特异性类脂质抗体在血清中出现的时间要晚于梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体,因此处于潜伏期以及梅毒初期的患者均可出现TRUST阴性,而治疗之后血清中非特异性的类脂质抗体下降速度远快于梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体,可出现TRUST阴性[2]。因此,TRUST不能作为梅毒的筛选试验,因为它容易出现漏诊。此外,病毒感染、妊娠等原因可在机体内产生此类非特异性的类脂质抗体,引起TRUST检测假阳性。李珍瑶等[3]研究指出,TRUST更适合作为已诊断患者的疗效随访方法。根据本研究结果,TRUST灵敏度和特异度均低于TPPA和CLIA,充分说明了此观点。因此,TRUST主要用于确诊梅毒患者治疗效果的监测。

    TPPA是使用梅毒螺旋体毒株制成抗原,检测血清中的梅毒特异性抗体,具有非常好的特异性,是目前临床上常用的梅毒确诊方法[4]。本研究结果证实,TPPA的特异度在3种检测方法中是最高的,但由于其操作步骤繁琐,且试剂成本较高,因此不适用于大量标本的筛查。

    CLIA是检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体,是近年来用于检测梅毒的一种新方法,它采用吖啶酯标记的重组梅毒螺旋体抗原检测血清中的梅毒抗体,在很大程度上降低了假阳性的出现,此外它还可以同时检测梅毒螺旋体特异性血清免疫球蛋白G和血清免疫球蛋白M,减少了假阴性的出现。姚家奎等[5]报道,CLIA检测各期梅毒患者的灵敏度高于TPPA和TRUST。郑炘等[6]研究指出,采用ARCHITECT-i2000SR型全自动微粒子CLIA仪检测梅毒螺旋体特异性抗体灵敏度高,假阴性率低,可适用于梅毒的初筛试验。本研究结果也证实,CLIA检测具有快速和高通量的优点,有利于大量标本的筛查,是梅毒血清学诊断试验的首选筛查方法。

    综上所述,我们建议临床上采用CLIA进行梅毒筛查,CLIA阳性标本可再结合TPPA以达到临床确诊,同时采用TRUST进行抗体滴度检测,监测梅毒治疗效果。3种检测方法结合为临床提供更为精确的诊断报告及疗效监测,降低临床误诊率及减少医疗纠纷的发生。

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