Volume 38 Issue 5
Oct.  2014
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The value of combined detection of plasma CYFRA21-1 and CA125, CA199, CA153 in the accessory diagnosis of lung cancer

  • Corresponding author: Tonghua Zhu, 752679611@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2013-09-29
  • Objective To explore the clinical significance of combined detection of plasma (cytokerantin-19-fragment, CYFRA21-1) and carbohydrate antigen tumor markers levels for lung cancer diagnosis. Methods The plasma CYFRA21-1 and carbohydrate antigen(CA125, CA199 and CA153) levels were measured with radio immunoassay and chemiluminescent immunoassay in 184 patients with lung cancer(including 81 cases of lung squanous carcinoma, 68 cases of adeno-carcinoma, 35 cases of small cell lung cancer), and then compared with 51 patients with benign lung disease and 60 healthy controls.The sensitivities, specificities and accuracies of different combination of those markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer were compared. Results The plasma CYFRA21-1 and carbohydrate antigen(CA125, CA199 and CA153) levels in 184 patients with lung cancer were significantly higher than those in 51 patients with benign lung disease(tCYFRA21-1=5.637, P < 0.001; tCA125=3.106, P < 0.01; tCA199=4.456, P < 0.001; tCA153=3.763, P < 0.01) and 60 healthy controls(tCYFRA21-1=8.612, tCA125=4.067, tCA199=4.872, tCA153=8.673, all P < 0.001).Compared with the 60 healthy controls, plasma levels of CYFRA21-1 in 51 cases with benign lung disease were significantly higher(tCYFRA21-1=6.327, P < 0.001); CA125 and CA153 levels were increased(tCA125=2.264, tCA153=2.343, P < 0.05); and there are no significant difference in CA199 levels(tCA199=1.761, P>0.05).In 184 lung cancer patients, the plasma CYFRA21-1 levels in 81 patients with lung squanous-carcinoma was the highest, but the plasma CA125, CA199, and CA153 levels in 68 patients with lung sdeno-careinoma were the highest.The CYFRA21-1 had the highest sensitivity(59.78%) and accuracy(70.17%) and CA199 had the highest specificity(28.83%) for detecting lung cancer.The combined detection of the four items has the highest sensitivity and accuracy(93.48% and 86.44%) in the diagnosis of lung cancer, obviously higher than single or two items combined detection. Conclusions The plasma CYFRA21-1, CA125, CA199 and CA153 were valuable tumor markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer.The combination of the tumor markers could improve the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy.
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  • [1] 白孝雪, 张研蓓.肺癌肿瘤标志物检测的研究现状[J].临床肺科杂志, 2011, 16(2): 259-260.
    [2] 刘红, 李海燕, 王静, 等.肿瘤标志物联合胸部影像学在肺癌早期诊断中的价值[J].实用医学杂志, 2012, 28(12): 2078-2080.
    [3] Kasprzak A, Zabel M, Biczysko W.Selected markers(Chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, Synaptophysin, proteingene product 9.5)in diagnosis of neuroendocrine pulmonary tumours[J].Pol J pathol, 2007, 58(1): 23-33.
    [4] Ekman S, Eriksson P, Bergstron S, et al.Clinical value of using serological cytokeratins of therspcific markers in thoracic malignancie[J].Anticancer Res, 2007, 27(58): 3545-3553.
    [5] Monteiro E, Varzim G, Crespo M, et al.Varzim GME, CYFRA21-1, TPS and SCC in Squamous cell carcinoma larynx[J].An Otorrinlaringol Ibero Am, 2003, 30(5): 4674-4679.
    [6] Haizakis KD, Froudarakis ME, Bouros D, et al.Prognosic value of serum tumor markers in patients with lung cancer[J].Respiration, 2002, 69(1): 26-37.
    [7] Shitrit D, Zingerman B, Shitrit AB, et al.Diagnostic Value of CYFRA21-1, CEA, CA19-9, CA15-3, CA125 assay in pleural effusion: analysis of 116 cases and review of the litersture[J].Oncologist, 2005, 10(2): 501-507.
    [8] 郝青林, 孙士波, 谭波, 等.糖类抗原联合检测对肺癌合并胸腔积液的诊断价值[J].国际呼吸杂志, 2008, 28(18): 1094-1096.
    [9] Schiller JH, Harring TD, Belani CP, et al.Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small cell lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(2): 92-98.
    [10] Ustiln H, Borazan A, Bilgicli N, et al.Diagnostic value of tumoural markers in pleural effusions[J].Int J Clin Pract, 2004, 58: 22-25.
    [11] Takahide K, Hiroaki S, Hiroichi I, et al.Serum of CA19-9 in patients with nonmalignant respiratory disease[J].J Clin Lab Anal, 2007, 21(2): 103-106.
    [12] 陈铎, 李为民, 王冬梅, 等.联合检测血清肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的价值[J].四川大学学报:医学版, 2008, 39(5): 832-835.
    [13] Li CS, Cheng BC, Ge W, et al.Clinical value of CYFRA21-1, NSE, CA153, CA199, CA125 assay in the elderly patients with pleural effusions.Int J Clin Pract[J].2007, 61(3): 444-448.
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The value of combined detection of plasma CYFRA21-1 and CA125, CA199, CA153 in the accessory diagnosis of lung cancer

    Corresponding author: Tonghua Zhu, 752679611@qq.com
  • Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First People′s Hospital of Wujiang, Suzhou 215200, China

Abstract:  Objective To explore the clinical significance of combined detection of plasma (cytokerantin-19-fragment, CYFRA21-1) and carbohydrate antigen tumor markers levels for lung cancer diagnosis. Methods The plasma CYFRA21-1 and carbohydrate antigen(CA125, CA199 and CA153) levels were measured with radio immunoassay and chemiluminescent immunoassay in 184 patients with lung cancer(including 81 cases of lung squanous carcinoma, 68 cases of adeno-carcinoma, 35 cases of small cell lung cancer), and then compared with 51 patients with benign lung disease and 60 healthy controls.The sensitivities, specificities and accuracies of different combination of those markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer were compared. Results The plasma CYFRA21-1 and carbohydrate antigen(CA125, CA199 and CA153) levels in 184 patients with lung cancer were significantly higher than those in 51 patients with benign lung disease(tCYFRA21-1=5.637, P < 0.001; tCA125=3.106, P < 0.01; tCA199=4.456, P < 0.001; tCA153=3.763, P < 0.01) and 60 healthy controls(tCYFRA21-1=8.612, tCA125=4.067, tCA199=4.872, tCA153=8.673, all P < 0.001).Compared with the 60 healthy controls, plasma levels of CYFRA21-1 in 51 cases with benign lung disease were significantly higher(tCYFRA21-1=6.327, P < 0.001); CA125 and CA153 levels were increased(tCA125=2.264, tCA153=2.343, P < 0.05); and there are no significant difference in CA199 levels(tCA199=1.761, P>0.05).In 184 lung cancer patients, the plasma CYFRA21-1 levels in 81 patients with lung squanous-carcinoma was the highest, but the plasma CA125, CA199, and CA153 levels in 68 patients with lung sdeno-careinoma were the highest.The CYFRA21-1 had the highest sensitivity(59.78%) and accuracy(70.17%) and CA199 had the highest specificity(28.83%) for detecting lung cancer.The combined detection of the four items has the highest sensitivity and accuracy(93.48% and 86.44%) in the diagnosis of lung cancer, obviously higher than single or two items combined detection. Conclusions The plasma CYFRA21-1, CA125, CA199 and CA153 were valuable tumor markers for the diagnosis of lung cancer.The combination of the tumor markers could improve the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy.

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  • 近年来,随着核医学、分子生物学和影像学技术的发展,对肺癌的诊断具有许多新的认识和进展。肺癌是当今世界上发病率和病死率最高的恶性肿瘤,全世界死于肿瘤的患者中大约三分之一死于肺癌[1],且呈上升趋势。肺癌起病一般比较隐匿,70%~80%的肺癌患者确诊时已属晚期,由于肺癌的诊治延误、转移和多耐药性等原因,治愈率很低,目前总的5年生存率仅13%~15%,其中非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)5年生存率<10%,小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)<3%。临床上广泛应用的肿瘤标志物为癌胚抗原、糖链抗原(carbohydrate antigen,CA)199、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原(squamous cell carcinoma antigen,SCC)和肿瘤多肽抗原等,其灵敏度、特异度和准确率都不甚理想,因此当务之急是寻找新的诊断指标,以期达到早期发现、早期诊断、早期治疗之目的,以便Ⅰ期肺癌术后5年生存率达到60%~90%[2]

1.   资料和方法

    1.1.   临床资料

  • 正常对照者60名(男性30名、女性30名),平均年龄(54.3±10.7)岁,均为我院体检合格的健康人,无心、肝、肺或胃等重要脏器疾患。

    肺癌患者184例(男性113例、女性71例),均为我院门诊和住院的患者,其中NSCLC患者149例(男性95例、女性54例),平均年龄(48.6±12.3)岁,均经B超、影像学和病理学证实(鳞癌患者81例、腺癌患者68例); SCLC患者35例(男性18例、女性17例),平均年龄(46.1±13.4)岁。肺部良性疾病患者51例(男性27例、女性24例),平均年龄(46.1±12.5)岁,其中肺结核患者36例,肺炎患者15例。正常对照者、肺癌患者(t年龄=1.862、t性别=1.763、t身高=1.694,P均>0.05)和肺部良性疾病患者(t年龄=1.916、t性别=1.873、t身高=1.756,P均>0.05)年龄、性别和身高间比较差异无统计学意义。

  • 1.2.   试剂和仪器

  • 血浆细胞角蛋白19片段(cytokerantin-19-fragment,CYFRA21-1)和CA125水平测定采用放射免疫分析法,其试剂盒由天津新传生物技术有限公司提供。CA153水平测定采用化学发光免疫分析法,ARCHITET i2000型化学发光免疫分析仪及其配套试剂盒由雅培生物技术有限公司提供。CA199水平测定采用化学发光免疫分析法,Beckman-Coulter DXI800化学发光分析仪及其配套试剂盒由美国Beckman-Coulter生物技术有限公司提供,批内CV<4.8%,批间CV<9.7%。

  • 1.3.   血样的采集

  • 正常对照者、肺癌患者和肺部良性疾病患者空腹12 h以上,清晨空腹抽取肘静脉全血5 ml,立刻注入含有30 μl乙二胺四乙酸二钠和40 μl抑肽酶的试管内,混匀,4 ℃以下离心(1500×g,10 min),血浆当天检测或储存于-20 ℃冰箱内(一周内测试完毕)。

  • 1.4.   统计学分析

  • 采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计学分析,数据以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。肺癌发病的危险因素分析采用Logistic回归,利用受试者工作特征(receiver opera-ting characteristic,ROC)曲线评价血浆CYFRA21-1、CA125、CA199和CA153浓度对肺癌发病的预测价值,曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)比较采用t检验,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2.   结果

    2.1.   血浆CYFRA21-1和糖链抗原肿瘤标志物水平

  • 表 1可见,184例肺癌患者的血浆CYFRA21-1水平与51例肺部良性疾病患者(t=5.637,P<0.001)、60名正常对照者(t=8.612,P<0.001)相比,均明显升高,其中,81例鳞癌患者升高最为明显: 24例Ⅰ~Ⅱ期和57例Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肺鳞癌患者的血浆CYFRA21-1水平分别为(26.32±15.16) μg/L和(81.02±21.16) μg/L,与51例肺部良性疾病患者相比均明显升高(tⅠ~Ⅱ=4.436,P<0.01,tⅢ~Ⅳ=10.147,P<0.001)。184例肺癌患者血浆CA125、CA199和CA153水平与51例肺部良性疾病患者(tCA125=3.106,P<0.01;tCA199=4.456,P<0.001;tCA153=3.763,P<0.01)、60名正常对照者相比均显著升高(tCA125=4.067,tCA199=4.872,tCA153=8.673,P均<0.001),其中,与60名正常对照者相比,68例肺腺癌患者升高最为明显: 21例肺腺癌患者的血浆CA125、CA199和CA153水平分别为(27.36±18.62) U/ml(tCA125=2.865,P<0.01)、(36.19±25.67) U/ml(tCA199=2.931,P<0.01)和(41.45±23.2) U/ml(tCA153=3.156,P<0.01),而47例Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肺腺癌患者分别为(81.56±38.15) U/ml(tCA125=8.436,P<0.001)、(132.10±59.66) U/ml(tCA199=11.764,P<0.001)和(133.75±56.60) U/ml(tCA153=12.043,P<0.001)。与60名正常对照者相比,51例肺部良性疾病患者的血浆CYFRA21-1水平显著升高(tCYFRA21-1=6.327,P<0.001);CA125和CA153水平升高(tCA125=2.264,tCA153=2.343,P均<0.05);CA199水平差异无统计学意义(tCA199=1.761,P>0.05)。

    组别 例数 CYFRA21-1(μg/L) CA125(U/ml) CA199(U/ml) CA153(U/ml)
    肺癌患者 184 50.84±17.02***(8.612) 49.18±25.54***(4.067) 67.48±33.60***(4.872) 82.48±40.05***(8.673)
        鳞癌患者 81 65.71±19.64***(9.324) 39.62±19.88***(3.675) 51.38±25.27***(3.942) 70.18±37.49***(7.813)
        腺癌患者 68 43.68±16.34***(7.821) 64.37±30.15***(5.187) 101.36±51.24***(7.816) 110.49±49.16***(9.068)
        SCLC患者 35 30.36±12.32***(7.125) 41.85±20.37***(7.843) 38.95±18.66**(3.139) 56.57±28.52***(6.183)
    肺部良性疾病患者 51 7.69±3.54***(6.327) 22.81±10.49*(2.264) 20.63±10.15Δ(1.761) 32.17±21.24*(2.343)
    正常对照者 60 1.80±0.75 18.34±7.12 19.21±9.02 20.11±9.25
    注:表中,CYFRA21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段; CA:糖链抗原; SCLC:小细胞肺癌; 与正常对照者比较,△P>0.05,*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;括号内的数据均为与正常对照者比较的t值。

    Table 1.  The CYFRA21-1, CA125, CA199 and CA153 levels in 184 cases lung cancer, 51 cases benign lung disease and 60 controls  (x±s)

  • 2.2.   单项肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的效果比较

  • 表 2可知,在四项肿瘤标志物中,CYFRA21-1的灵敏度最高,特异度最低,CA199灵敏度和准确率均最低,而特异度最高。

    肿瘤标志物 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%)
    CYFRA21-1 59.78(110/184) 19.82(22/111) 70.17(207/295)
    CA125 48.37(89/184) 25.33(28/111) 64.07(189/295)
    CA199 30.43(56/184) 28.83(32/111) 50.84(150/295)
    CA153 34.78(64/184) 20.72(23/111) 54.91(162/295)
    注:表中,CYFRA21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段;CA:糖链抗原。

    Table 2.  Value of single tumor marker on lung cancer diagnosis

  • 2.3.   两项肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的效果比较

  • 表 3可知,两项肿瘤标志物检测与单项检测比较,灵敏度明显增高,两项检测以CYFRA21-1+CA125的灵敏度和准确率为最高,CA125+CA199特异度最高。

    肿瘤标志物 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%)
    CYFRA21-1+CA125 79.35(146/184) 28.83(32/111) 82.03(242/295)
    CYFRA21-1+CA199 64.13(118/184) 34.23(38/111) 72.88(215/295)
    CYFRA21-1+CA153 71.74(132/184) 23.42(26/111) 69.83(206/295)
    CA125+CA199 61.41(113/184) 36.04(40/111) 72.20(213/295)
    CA125+CA153 60.32(111/184) 27.03(30/111) 68.81(203/295)
    CA199+CA153 54.89(101/184) 29.73(33/111) 66.78(197/295)
    注:表中,CYFRA21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段;CA:糖链抗原。

    Table 3.  Value of combination of two tumor markers on lung cancer diagnosis

  • 2.4.   三项和三项以上肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的效果比较

  • 表 4可知,三项检测以CA125 +CA199+CA153特异度为最高,CYFRA21-1+CA125+CA199的灵敏度和准确率最高。四项CYFRA21-1+CA125+CA199+CA153联合检测效果最佳,其灵敏度高达93.48%,特异度为33.33%,准确率为86.44%。

    肿瘤标志物 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%) 准确率(%)
    CYFRA21-1+CA125+CA199 87.50(161/184) 31.53(35/111) 84.07(248/295)
    CYFRA21-1+CA199+CA153 84.78(156/184) 36.04(40/111) 81.02(239/295)
    CA125+CA199+CA153 72.83(134/184) 37.84(42/111) 71.86(212/295)
    CYFRA21-1+CA125+CA199+CA153 93.48(172/184) 33.33(37/111) 86.44(255/295)
    注:表中,CYFRA21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段; CA:糖链抗原。表 2表 3表 4计算公式参考文献[10]。

    Table 4.  Value of combination of more than three tumor markers on lung cancer diagnosis

  • 2.5.   ROC曲线评价血浆CYFRA21-1、CA125、CA199和CA153浓度对罹患肺癌的预测价值

  • 图 1表 5可知,肺癌患者的CYFRA21-1诊断曲线下面积明显大于CA125、CA199和CA153,并优于其他肿瘤标志物(AUC: 0.889,P<0.001),95%可信区间为0.884~0.895。

    Figure 1.  Receiver operating characteristic curve of every tumor marker of lung cancer diagnosis

    肿瘤标志物 AUC(95%可信区间) P 临界值(cut-off值) 灵敏度(%) 特异度(%)
    CYFRA21-1 0.889(0.884~0.895) <0.001(t=5.364) 65.4 μg/L 84.8 93.9
    CA125 0.732(0.721~0.804) <0.01(t=3.216) 71.2 U/ml 64.7 74.8
    CA199 0.721(0.704~0.812) <0.01(t=3.187) 80.3 U/ml 59.8 82.0
    CA153 0.718(0.705~0.804) <0.05(t=2.153) 107.4 U/ml 54.9 79.3
    注:表中,CYFRA21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段;CA:糖链抗原;AUC:曲线下面积。

    Table 5.  Value of four tumor markers prediction efficiency on lung cancer diagnosis

3.   讨论
  • 肺癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,提高对肺癌的早期诊断是治疗肺癌的关键。临床上肿瘤标志物已广泛作为肿瘤诊断的辅助性指标,单项肿瘤标志物水平的测定对肺癌的诊断价值有限,其灵敏度和准确率不是很高,故多采用多种肿瘤标志物的联合测定以期提高肺癌阳性率的诊断水平[3]

    CYFRA21-1是一种酸性蛋白质,主要存在于肺癌、食管癌等上皮起源肿瘤细胞的胞浆中,当肿瘤细胞溶解或坏死时,CYFRA21-1以溶解片段的形式释放至血液中。CYFRA21-1在血液中升高多见于NSCLC,尤其是鳞癌,被认为是目前检测鳞癌最灵敏的指标,肺鳞癌CYFRA21-1的阳性率为22%~78%[4]。本研究中81例肺鳞癌患者的阳性率为75.31%[61/81例,血浆CYFRA21-1的水平为>104.99 μg/L(x>±2S)]。在184例肺癌患者中,以81例肺鳞癌患者的血浆CYFRA21-1水平为最高,其次为肺腺癌,SCLC最低。从四项肿瘤标志物联合预测肺癌的性能评价和各肿瘤标志物诊断肺癌的ROC曲线表明,肿瘤标志物CYFRA21-1水平在诊断肺癌时明显优于血清CA125、CA199和CA153,与Monteiro等[5]报道的结果一致,这是因为CYFRA21-1是酸性蛋白,主要分布于上皮细胞内,是继鳞状上皮癌抗原后用于肺鳞癌检测的免疫学肿瘤标志物。Haitzakis等[6]也认为,在肺癌发生时,CYFRA21-1存在于肺组织,尤其是肺肿瘤上皮细胞胞浆中,可能在激活的蛋白酶作用下被降解或在细胞死亡以后以溶解片段形式释放入血液中,故对肺癌的灵敏度为54%,特异度可达90%。肺部良性疾病患者的血浆CYFRA21-1很低,即血浆CYFRA21-1水平的高低与肺癌的分期有关,并可作为手术、化疗疗效监测的考核指标之一[7]

    糖链抗原肿瘤标志物已成为临床常用的肿瘤诊断方法之一。有学者认为,细胞表面的黏膜和糖蛋白对细胞传递、生长和分化起重要作用。当细胞癌变时,由于糖基化酶被激活,引起细胞表面糖链的变化,CA125、CA199和CA153等能从各种不同组织或转移癌中分离出来,并进入血液中,且血浆糖链抗原肿瘤标志物的升高往往较影像学发现肿瘤转移、复发提前1~3个月。正常人由于细胞间连接和基底膜的阻挡作用,血液和组织中的糖链抗原肿瘤标志物水平甚微[8]。本研究中,与51例肺部良性疾病患者相比,184例肺癌患者的血浆CA125、CA199和CA153水平显著升高,较之60名正常对照组均显著升高,68例肺腺癌升高最为明显。为此,有学者报道,CA125在肺腺癌中的表达较高,并以NSCLC患者中、晚期肺癌合并胸腔积液升高最明显[9-10],故本研究中的68例肺腺癌患者血浆CA125水平较之81例鳞癌和35例SCLC明显升高。CA199升高多见于胰腺、肝胆和结直肠等脏器恶性肿瘤,Takahide等[11]报道CA199具有广谱性,323例肺癌CA199升高的灵敏度为30.7%(99/323),与本研究中的30.43%(56/184)相近,特异度与陈铎等[12]报道的一致,并以肺腺癌升高最为明显。CA153的表达多见于腺癌,是乳腺癌的肿瘤标志物,是乳腺细胞上皮表面糖蛋白的变异体,具有明显的肿瘤和器官特异性。有文献证实CA153也存在于肺癌中,并以肺腺癌为最高[13]

    单项或多项联合测定肿瘤标志物在肺癌诊断中的效果表明,二项以上联合测定肿瘤标志物的灵敏度和准确率均高于单项测定,特异度适中,三项联合测定与四项联合测定灵敏度、特异度和准确率相近,以四项联合测定为最佳。CYFRA21-1是肺癌诊断中的最佳肿瘤标志物。

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