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外泌体(exosomes)是由细胞内的多囊泡小体分泌并通过细胞膜释放到细胞外环境中的一些小囊泡,直径为30~100 nm,电镜下表现为脂质双层包裹的扁平球体,呈特征性的杯状外形[1]。有研究发现,不同类型的细胞均可以释放外泌体[2],其广泛存在于各种体液中,其中包括血液、泪液、尿液、唾液、乳汁、腹水等。外泌体中含有核酸、功能蛋白、转录因子等多种具有生物活性的物质,其本身的膜结构还能表达多种抗原、抗体分子,作用于靶细胞从而产生生物学效应[3]。
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