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尺寸在纳米级(通常粒径<100 nm)的材料被称为纳米颗粒[1],其主要通过被动靶向效应和主动靶向效应进入肿瘤或其他组织,在疾病的诊疗中具有潜在的临床价值。放射性核素标记的纳米颗粒不仅可用于SPECT和PET显像,在进一步负载其他显像剂或治疗剂后,还可用于疾病的多模态成像和诊疗一体化,在生物医学领域具有广阔的应用前景[2-5]。
金纳米颗粒(gold nanoparticles,GNPs)因易于制备和具有良好的生物相容性等特性而备受关注。GNPs通常通过金盐的还原反应进行制备[6],其形状多样,有球形、壳状、棒状和笼状等。GNPs的优良性质包括:(1)局域表面等离子体共振特性,经特定波长的光(主要是近红外光)照射后,GNPs产生强烈的光吸收,从而用于光热治疗[7]和光声成像[8],通过控制GNPs的尺寸和形状可调节其光学特性[6];(2)原子序数和X射线吸收系数比碘高,是理想的CT造影剂[2];(3)中空和多孔的GNPs可用于药物的可控释放或递送[9];(4)表面积与体积比较大,易于进行表面功能化修饰,标记放射性核素、修饰靶向分子及其他诊断剂或治疗剂后,可以实现靶向多模态成像及治疗。我们主要综述放射性核素标记的GNPs的制备及其在肿瘤诊疗中的研究进展。
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