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半月板撕裂是膝关节最常见的创伤类型之一,常表现为活动受限、运动疼痛,若不及时治疗,可继发慢性滑膜炎,加速关节退变[1]。由于膝关节解剖结构复杂,软组织较多,常规X线和CT检查对其缺乏特异性。MRI以其多方位、多平面的成像能力和对软组织分辨率高的特点,成为诊断半月板损伤首选的无创检查[2]。但在临床实践中,其诊断缺乏相关的标准,会出现假阳性与假阴性,尤其是膝板股韧带附着区的外侧半月板后角(posterior horn of the lateral meniscus,PHLM)撕裂,因其少见且具有一定隐匿性,往往容易漏诊。本研究回顾性分析了35例膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂患者的MRI资料,并与非半月板撕裂及健康体检者的膝关节MRI资料进行比较,旨在找出膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂的特异性征象,旨在提高MRI诊断和鉴别诊断的准确率。
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对照A组:膝板股韧带附着区MRI征象(图1中A~C)与对照B组相似(图1中D~F)。83.33%25/30)的患者在MRI矢状位表现为板股韧带与PHLM间呈斜行或垂直线状高信号,23.33%(7/30)的患者在横断面上表现为PHLM后缘线状高信号。
图 1 3例受检者膝板股韧带附着区的MRI图像
Figure 1. Comparison of MRI images of the attachment zone of the knee ligament ligament in the 3 patients
对照B组:76.67%(23/30)的受检者在MRI矢状位PDWI上表现为板股韧带与PHLM间呈斜行或垂直线状高信号(图1中D);冠状位PDWI上同一层面或相邻层面可清晰地观察到板股韧带位于PHLM后根部的后方(图1中E);横断面PDWI上,板股韧带起始部呈条状低信号,PHLM后根部呈条片状低信号,两者之间可见线形脂肪抑制PDWI高信号影,其中26.67%(8/30)的受试者表现为PHLM后缘线状高信号(图1中F)。对照A组与对照B组异常信号检出率的差异均无统计学意义(χ2=0.417、0.089,均P>0.05)(表1)。
组别 例数 矢状面上膝板股
韧带与PHLM间横断面上PHLM后缘 高信号 正常信号 高信号 正常信号 对照A组 30 25(83.33) 5(16.67) 7(23.33) 23(76.67) 对照B组 30 23(76.67) 7(23.33) 8(26.67) 22(73.33) χ2值 0.417 0.089 P值 0.519 0.766 注:表中,MRI:磁共振成像;PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 表 1 对照A组与对照B组膝板股韧带附着区MRI征象比 较[例(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of MRI appearances of plate ligament attachment area between control group A and control group B [case (%)]
观察组:94.29%(33/35)的患者在MRI矢状位PDWI上表现为PHLM周缘部纵向线状高信号(图1中G),连续出现3~8层,其中71.43%(25/35)的患者累及上、下关节面,22.86%(8/35)的患者累及一个关节面;另2例表现为板股韧带附着部PHLM连续性中断。68.57%(24/35)的患者在MRI冠状位PDWI上表现为板股韧带起始部斑片状信号增高及局部形态不规则(图1中H)。横断面PDWI上,91.43%(32/35)的患者表现为PHLM周缘部线状高信号(图1中I)。
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由表2可见,观察组膝关节其他结构损伤的发生率与对照A组比较,差异均无统计学意义。
组别 例数 内侧半月
板损伤ACL完全断裂 后交叉韧
带损伤关节积液 外侧区间
骨挫伤观察组 35 19(54.29) 26(74.29) 4(11.43) 33(94.29) 16(45.71) 对照A组 30 18(60.00) 19(63.33) 2( 6.67) 29(96.67) 15(50.00) χ2值 0.215 0.910 0.054 0.019 0.119 P值 0.643 0.340 0.817 0.891 0.730 注:表中,ACL:前交叉韧带。 表 2 观察组和对照A组膝关节其他结构损伤情况比较[例(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of other structural injuries of knee joint between observation group and control group A [cases (%)]
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观察组患者在MRI矢状面和横断面图像上均表现为明显的PHLM周缘部线状高信号,矢状面上可连续检出(5.75±1.38)层(称“连续线征”,见图2中A~F),横断面上自内向外延伸(15.06±5.02) mm(称“拉链征”,见图2中G),与对照A组、B组比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=43.231、36.113,均P<0.05)(表3)。
组别 例数 矢状面连续
检出的层数(层)横断面延伸的
直线长度(mm)观察组 35 5.75±1.38 15.06±5.02 对照A组 30 2.66±1.59 8.54±3.33 对照B组 30 2.81±1.62 7.28±3.17 F值 43.231 36.113 P值 0.000 0.000 注:表中,PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 表 3 3组受检者膝板股韧带附着区PHLM周缘线状高信号 的测量值比较(
±s)$\scriptstyle \overline x $ Table 3. Comparison of measured values of linear high signal of PHLM in the knee ligament attachment zone of 3 groups of subjects (
±s)$\scriptstyle \overline x $ 图 2 膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂患者MRI图像
Figure 2. MRI images of patients with PHLM tear in the knee ligament attachment area
分别采用矢状面可连续检出线状高信号层数和横断面上线状高信号延伸的直线长度来鉴别PHLM真、假性撕裂,采用ROC曲线进行分析,曲线下面积分别为0.96和0.92(图3中A~B)。不同诊断标准鉴别PHLM撕裂的灵敏度、特异度和准确率见表4。
诊断标准 灵敏度 特异度 准确率 以≥5层为“连续线征”阳性 91.43%(32/35) 90.00%(54/60) 90.53%(86/95) 以≥10 mm为“拉链征”阳性 85.71%(30/35) 90.00%(54/60) 88.42%(84/95) 联合应用“连续线征”和“拉链征”为阳性 85.71%(30/35) 95.00%(57/60) 91.58%(87/95) 注:表中,PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 表 4 不同诊断标准鉴别PHLM撕裂的灵敏度、特异度和准确率的比较
Table 4. Comparison of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of different diagnostic criteria for identifying PHLM tears
膝板股韧带附着区外侧半月板后角撕裂的MRI表现及诊断价值
MRI appearance and diagnostic value of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus tear of the knee ligament attachment zone
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摘要:
目的 探讨膝板股韧带附着区外侧半月板后角(PHLM)撕裂的MRI表现及鉴别诊断价值。 方法 选取2012年12月至2018年6月因前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤在南通市通州区中医院就诊的35例膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂患者作为观察组,搜集同期30例ACL损伤但非PHLM撕裂患者作为对照A组,另选取同期例行体检的30名健康者作为对照B组。3组受试者均行膝关节MRI检查,观察3组受试者的MRI表现。分别应用χ 2检验、单因素方差分析和t检验分析膝关节MRI征象的发生率、膝关节周围结构的损伤情况及膝关节线状高信号影显示的层数和长度,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析鉴别诊断PHLM真、假性撕裂的效能。 结果 观察组患者在MRI矢状面和横断面图像上均表现为明显的PHLM周缘部线状高信号,矢状面上可连续检出(5.75±1.38)层(称“连续线征”),横断面上自内向外延伸(15.06±5.02)mm(称“拉链征”),与对照A组、B组比较差异均有统计学意义(F=43.231、36.113,均P<0.05)。以“连续线征”和“拉链征”作为阳性标准,MRI诊断膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂的灵敏度为85.71%、特异度为95.00%、准确率为91.58%。 结论 膝板股韧带附着区PHLM撕裂在MRI上有明显的征象,辅以“连续线征”和“拉链征”进行鉴别诊断,可明显提升诊断效果。 Abstract:Objective This study aims to investigate the MRI appearance and diagnostic value of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus (PHLM) tear of the knee ligament attachment zone. Methods From December 2012 to June 2018, 35 patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury combined with PHLM tear in the knee ligament attachment zone were selected as the observation group. Thirty patients with ACL injury but without PHLM tears were collected as the control group A. Another 30 healthy people who received routine physical examination were selected as the control group B. All subjects received knee MRI examination. The MRI performance of all subjects in the three groups was observed. χ2 test, one-way ANOVA, and t-test were used to calculate the incidence of knee MRI signs, the damage of the structure around the knee joint, and the number and length of the linear high-signal images of the knee joint. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyze the effectiveness of differential diagnosis of true and false tear in PHLM. Results Patients in the observation group showed significant linear hyperintense on the MRI sagittal plane and cross-sectional images. The sagittal plane was continuously detected (5.75±1.38) layers (called "continuous line sign"), extending from the inside to the outside (15.06 ± 5.02) mm (called "zipper sign"). The number of layers on the sagittal plane and the length of the transverse section in the observation group were higher than those in the control groups A and B ( F =43.231, 36.113, both P < 0.05). Combined with "continuous line sign" and "zipper sign" as the positive criteria, the sensitivity was 85.71%, the specificity was 95%, and the accuracy was 91.58%. Conclusion The PHLM tear in the knee ligament attachment zone had obvious signs on MRI, supplemented by "continuous line sign" and "zipper sign" for differential diagnosis, which could significantly improve the diagnostic effect. -
表 1 对照A组与对照B组膝板股韧带附着区MRI征象比 较[例(%)]
Table 1. Comparison of MRI appearances of plate ligament attachment area between control group A and control group B [case (%)]
组别 例数 矢状面上膝板股
韧带与PHLM间横断面上PHLM后缘 高信号 正常信号 高信号 正常信号 对照A组 30 25(83.33) 5(16.67) 7(23.33) 23(76.67) 对照B组 30 23(76.67) 7(23.33) 8(26.67) 22(73.33) χ2值 0.417 0.089 P值 0.519 0.766 注:表中,MRI:磁共振成像;PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 表 2 观察组和对照A组膝关节其他结构损伤情况比较[例(%)]
Table 2. Comparison of other structural injuries of knee joint between observation group and control group A [cases (%)]
组别 例数 内侧半月
板损伤ACL完全断裂 后交叉韧
带损伤关节积液 外侧区间
骨挫伤观察组 35 19(54.29) 26(74.29) 4(11.43) 33(94.29) 16(45.71) 对照A组 30 18(60.00) 19(63.33) 2( 6.67) 29(96.67) 15(50.00) χ2值 0.215 0.910 0.054 0.019 0.119 P值 0.643 0.340 0.817 0.891 0.730 注:表中,ACL:前交叉韧带。 表 3 3组受检者膝板股韧带附着区PHLM周缘线状高信号 的测量值比较(
±s)$\scriptstyle \overline x $ Table 3. Comparison of measured values of linear high signal of PHLM in the knee ligament attachment zone of 3 groups of subjects (
±s)$\scriptstyle \overline x $ 组别 例数 矢状面连续
检出的层数(层)横断面延伸的
直线长度(mm)观察组 35 5.75±1.38 15.06±5.02 对照A组 30 2.66±1.59 8.54±3.33 对照B组 30 2.81±1.62 7.28±3.17 F值 43.231 36.113 P值 0.000 0.000 注:表中,PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 表 4 不同诊断标准鉴别PHLM撕裂的灵敏度、特异度和准确率的比较
Table 4. Comparison of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of different diagnostic criteria for identifying PHLM tears
诊断标准 灵敏度 特异度 准确率 以≥5层为“连续线征”阳性 91.43%(32/35) 90.00%(54/60) 90.53%(86/95) 以≥10 mm为“拉链征”阳性 85.71%(30/35) 90.00%(54/60) 88.42%(84/95) 联合应用“连续线征”和“拉链征”为阳性 85.71%(30/35) 95.00%(57/60) 91.58%(87/95) 注:表中,PHLM:外侧半月板后角。 -
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