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辐射损伤是由电离辐射引起的机体组织损伤,大剂量射线瞬间照射或低剂量射线长时间照射都可引起组织损伤。辐射损伤通常发生在核泄漏事故、放射源丢失事故及肿瘤患者放疗过程中[1]。辐射防护药物一般指能抑制辐射损伤的初期阶段,保护生物敏感分子,或在照射后早期使用能减轻辐射损伤的发展,促进损伤恢复的物质。辐射防护药物根据分子量可以分为大分子辐射防护药和小分子辐射防护药,前者主要为细胞因子,如IL、粒细胞集落刺激因子、角质细胞生长因子等。相比此类辐射防护药,小分子辐射防护药的优势更明显:生产方便,价格低廉;没有潜在的免疫原风险;无需冷藏,使用方便,现正在研究中的一些化合物在动物模型中经口服给药亦有效[2]。目前被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准上市的小分子辐射损伤防护药只有氨磷汀,被用于减轻头颈部肿瘤患者在放疗过程中易出现的口腔干燥症。虽然该药活性较好,但有作用时间短,用量较大,容易发生恶心、呕吐和低血压等不良反应的缺点。此外,大部分药物还处于动物有效性的实验阶段,从实验动物转化到临床应用还需要进一步研究[3-4]。理想的辐射防护药物应具有结构稳定、辐射防护活性高、不良反应小、给药途径方便,对正常组织有保护作用,但对肿瘤组织无保护作用,药物本身被自由基修饰后不会引起进一步的靶分子损伤等特点。而现有的药物均存在一定缺陷,新型辐射防护药物亟待开发。
小分子辐射防护药物的研究进展
Small molecule compounds against radiation:research advances
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摘要: 辐射防护药物能减少辐射损伤,促进损伤恢复,与细胞因子等大分子药物相比,小分子辐射防护药使用方便,没有潜在的免疫原风险。笔者汇总了硫醇类化合物、天然抗氧化剂、氮氧自由基、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂等几类不同的辐射防护药物,对其辐射防护效果以及作用机制进行了总结、归纳,并对此类药物的研发前景进行了展望,旨在为辐射防护药物的进一步研发提供思路。Abstract: Radioprotectors are designed to disrupt the progress of damage caused by radiation in normal tissues and to promote the recovery of the damaged tissues. This article review the function of the following agents as radioprotectors and their mechanism of action: sulfhydryl compounds, natural antioxidants, nitroxides, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Prospective functions of these agents were also discussed. This article hope to provide researchers with insights into radioprotector research.
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