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烟雾病(moyamoya disease, MMD)是一种慢性进行性脑血管闭塞性疾病,通常累及双侧颈内动脉远端、Willis环的主要血管及其主要分支的近端部分[1]。病变段动脉内膜弹力纤维增生,导致管腔狭窄或闭塞,为保证脑部供血,颅底深穿支血管普遍扩张增生,形成不规则的“烟雾状”血管网,因而被命名为烟雾病[2]。
MMD较为罕见,但在亚洲国家,如中国、日本、印度和韩国等国的发病率高于欧美国家。该病病因不明,临床表现复杂多样。研究发现MMD有两个发病高峰:儿童期(10岁左右)以脑血管闭塞为主,通常表现为缺血性症状,如卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作等,有时可伴有肌肉无力或癫痫;成人期(30~45岁)由于颅底异常血管网的管壁薄且脆弱,易破裂并发出血[3-5]。
MMD发病率低,症状常不典型,临床诊断主要依靠影像学检查。数字减影血管造影术可直接观察到病变范围和程度、了解侧支循环及血流动力学状况和判断出血原因等,为外科手术提供了依据,被认为是诊断MMD的“金标准”[6]。磁共振血管造影术是目前临床常用的非侵入性的检查方法,也可有效地反映疾病的严重程度。MRI和CT常规检查对显示梗塞以及脑内、蛛网膜下腔和脑室内出血的病理表现具有重要价值。
近年来,随着核医学影像技术的不断发展,特别是乙酰唑胺(acetazolamide, AZA)脑血流负荷试验的SPECT和PET的应用,为明确MMD的受累部位、范围和程度,以及研究患者脑血流储备情况提供了丰富的信息。此外,基于体素的定量分析技术的推广使核医学影像技术成为指导临床MMD治疗和评价疗效的重要手段。为帮助临床医师和核医学医师更好地认识核医学影像技术在MMD研究中的应用进展,现进行以下综述。
核医学影像技术在烟雾病研究中的应用进展
The application progress in the study of moyamoya disease by nuclear medical imaging technology
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摘要: 烟雾病(MMD)是一种慢性进行性脑血管闭塞性疾病,儿童期可出现脑梗死等缺血性症状,成人期则可因颅底异常血管网破裂并发出血。核医学影像技术的不断发展为明确MMD的受累部位、范围和程度、研究患者脑血流储备等情况提供了新方法和丰富的信息,对指导MMD的临床治疗和评价疗效具有重要意义。笔者对核医学影像技术在MMD研究中的应用进展进行了综述。Abstract: Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic progressive cerebrovascular occlusive disease, and its ischemic symptoms, such as cerebral infarction and hemorrhage due to the angiorrhexis of the abnormal venous blood network of the skull base. The former may occur during childhood, whereas the latter may occur in adulthood. The continuous development of nuclear medical imaging technology has provided new methods and abundant information for determining the affected area, scope, and degree of the disease and for studying the cerebral blood flow reserves of patients. Thus, the technology is essential to the clinical treatment of MMD and evaluation of the efficacy of MMD treatment. The current paper reviews the progress in MMD research by nuclear medical imaging technology.
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