Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder, which is clinically characterized by progressive cognitive deficit and memory impairment. It seriously affects mental health, physical activity, and quality of life of patients in the late stage. However, early diagnosis of AD remains one of the greatest challenges worldwide. Extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques composed of Aβ and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins are considered as the key pathological hallmarks of AD. Detection of Aβ and Tau protein is considered critical for the early diagnosis of AD. In recent decades, nanotechnology has developed rapidly, and nanotechnology-based Aβ- or Tau-targeted detection has provided the possibility for the early diagnosis of AD. The present review focuses on the research of nanotechnology in the diagnosis of AD.