-
炎症反应是人体免疫器官对细菌、病毒、机体损伤等的天然免疫应答过程,参与免疫应答的免疫细胞包括中性粒细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞等,在外来微生物和自身受损细胞所释放的信号因子的诱导下,趋化性聚集于炎症病灶部位并发挥免疫屏障作用[1-2]。放射性核素标记免疫应答细胞以及各种趋化和信号因子应具有高度的特异性、广谱性、靶向性等特点。
目前临床及实验室应用的炎症核素显像探针主要包括67Ga柠檬酸盐(67Ga-citrate)、18F-FDG、核素标记的环丙沙星和非特异人免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、111In或99Tcm标记的白细胞。67Ga-citrate扫描曾被广泛应用于各种临床炎症诊断定位,但因为67Ga物理半衰期长(78 h)、高能γ丰度低等物理特性导致图像质量差、受检者所受辐射剂量大,加之血液清除慢等缺点,致使67Ga的临床应用逐渐减少[3]。18F-FDG PET显像基于聚集于炎症病灶的活性免疫细胞的高代谢水平,导致18F-FDG在炎症组织的聚集,其对于临床早期炎症和慢性炎症、肿瘤以及肿瘤合并炎症反应、结核结节、脓肿等缺乏特异性,往往会产生假阳性结果[4]。病原菌特异性炎症显像剂(如环丙沙星)通过DNA促旋酶广泛与细菌结合,主要应用于感染灶定位、鉴别感染与肿瘤、判断感染灶内是否有存活细菌及疗效评估,使用范围较局限[5]。过去认为放射性核素标记非特异人IgG可靶向白细胞表面的Fc-β受体,但后来证实它在炎症病灶的聚集主要是因为血管渗透性增加导致标记化合物的非特异性外渗,所以该类显像剂也缺乏特异性[6]。白细胞核素显像探针,如放射性核素标记的白细胞、抗粒细胞抗体、细胞因子、甲酰肽受体(formyl peptide recepror,FPR)配体等,通过对白细胞的示踪定位,即时完整地显示感染或无菌炎症病理过程,避免了上述基于代谢原理的显像探针的非特异性和病原体探针的应用局限性,是一种兼顾了炎症特异性和广泛临床适应性的显像方法。笔者对此类炎症显像剂(包括放射性核素标记白细胞及白细胞靶向核素探针)的临床应用及研究进展进行综述。
白细胞核素显像探针的临床应用和研究进展
Clinical application and progress in the development of radionuclide probes for leukocyte imaging
-
摘要: 炎症是机体对抗侵入性病原体和其他损伤的第一道防线,它在组织修复和消除有害病原体方面起着重要作用,但过度炎症反应或炎症消退的延迟将破坏组织中的正常细胞。因此,寻求一种理想的炎症显像方法一直都是临床和科研工作者所追求的目标。白细胞核素显像探针通过即时示踪白细胞,高特异性地反映炎症的病理过程,能早期准确反映炎症程度和预后评价。笔者就此类炎症显像剂的临床应用和研究进行综述。Abstract: Inflammation plays a significant role in the defense against invasive pathogens and injuries. This process helps in tissue repair and elimination of harmful pathogens. However, over or extended inflammatory reaction is harmful to normal cells. Numerous clinical and scientific studies have explored an ideal inflammatory imaging method. Radionuclide imaging can reveal the degree and pathological process of inflammation and prognosticate therapeutic response using instant and highly specific monitoring of leukocyte activation and distribution. This study was performed to provide a brief description of the clinical application and progress in the development of radionuclide probes.
-
Key words:
- Inflammation /
- Leukocytes /
- Radionuclide imaging
-
[1] Wu C, Li F, Niu G, et al. PET imaging of inflammation biomarkers[J]. Theranostics, 2013, 3(7):448-466. DOI:10.7150/thno.6592. [2] Li J, Zhang Y, Chordia MD, et al. Multimodal formyl peptide receptor 1 targeted inflammation imaging probe:cFLFLF-MHI-DOTA[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2016, 26(3):1052-1055. DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.029. [3] 付占立.炎症显像剂的临床应用及研究进展[J].同位素, 2010, 23(3):186-192.
Fu ZL. Clinical Application and Progress in Research of Inflammation Imaging Agent[J]. J Isotopes, 2010, 23(3):186-192.[4] Virtanen H, Silvola JMU, Autio A, et al. Comparison of 68Ga-DOTA-Siglec-9 and 18F-Fluorodeoxyribose-Siglec-9: Inflammation Imaging and Radiation Dosimetry[J/OL]. Contrast Media Mol Imaging, 2017, 2017: 7645070[2018-02-03]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5804415. DOI:10.1155/2017/7635070. [5] 朱文佳, 要少波, 邢海群, 等.核医学炎症显像病原菌特异性示踪剂研究进展[J].中国医学影像学杂志, 2016, 24(9):710-713. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2016.09.020.
Zhu WJ, Yao SB, Xing HQ, et al. Progress in Research of Pathogen-specific Tracers for Inflammation Imaging in Nuclear Medicine[J]. Chin J Med Imaging, 2016, 24(9):710-713. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-5185.2016.09.020[6] Goldsmith SJ, Vallabhajosula S. Clinically proven radiopharmaceu-ticals for infection imaging:mechanisms and applications[J]. Semin Nucl Med, 2009, 39(1):2-10. DOI:10.1053/j.semnuclmed. 2008. 08.002. [7] Bhargava KK, Gupta RK, Nichols KJ, et al. In vitro human leukocyte labeling with 64Cu:an intraindividual comparison with 111In-oxine and 18F-FDG[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2009, 36(5):545-549. DOI:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.03.001. [8] Tseng JC, Kung AL. In vivo imaging method to distinguish acute and chronic inflammation[J/OL]. J Vis Exp, 2013, 78: e50690[2018-02-03]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23978851. DOI:10.3791/50690. [9] Palestro CJ, Love C, Bhargava KK. Labeled leukocyte imaging:current status and future directions[J]. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2009, 53(1):105-123. [10] Boerman OC, Dams ET, Oyen WJ, et al. Radiopharmaceuticals for scintigraphic imaging of infection and inflammation[J]. Inflamm Res, 2001, 50(2):55-64. DOI:10.1007/s000110050725. [11] Osman S, Danpure HJ. The use of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose as a potential in vitro agent for labelling human granulocytes for clinical studies by positron emission tomography[J]. Int J Rad Appl Instrum B, 1992, 19(2):183-190. doi: 10.1016/0883-2897(92)90006-K [12] Rini JN, Bhargava KK, Tronco GG, et al. PET with FDG-labeled leukocytes versus scintigraphy with 111In-oxine-labeled leukocytes for detection of infection[J]. Radiology, 2006, 238(3):978-987. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2382041993. [13] Yilmaz S, Aliyev A, Ekmekcioglu O, et al. Comparison of FDG and FDG-labeled leukocytes PET/CT in diagnosis of infection[J]. Nuklearmedizin, 2015, 54(6):262-271. DOI:10.3413/Nukmed-0724-15-02. [14] Bhattacharya A, Kochhar R, Sharma S, et al. PET/CT with 18F-FDG-labeled autologous leukocytes for the diagnosis of infected fluid collections in acute pancreatitis[J]. J Nucl Med, 2014, 55(8):1267-1272. DOI:10.2967/jnumed.114.137232. [15] Dumarey N. Imaging with FDG labeled leukocytes:is it clinically useful?[J]. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2009, 53(1):89-94. [16] Klett R, Kordelle J, Stahl U, et al. Immunoscintigraphy of septic loosening of knee endoprosthesis:a retrospective evaluation of the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2003, 30(11):1463-1466. DOI:10.1007/s00259-003-1275-1. [17] Akhtar MS, Imran MB, Nadeem MA, et al. Antimicrobial peptides as infection imaging agents:better than radiolabeled antibiotics[J]. Int J Pept, 2012, 2012:965238. DOI:10.1155/2012/965238. [18] Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Kipper SL, et al. Imaging infection with LeuTech[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 2001, 22(5):513-519. doi: 10.1097/00006231-200105000-00008 [19] Xing D, Ma X, Ma J, et al. Use of anti-granulocyte scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibodies for the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection in patients after total joint arthroplasty: a diagnostic meta-analysis[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): e69857[2018-02-03]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3724677/. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0069857. [20] Richter WS, Ivancevic V, Meller J, et al. 99mTc-besilesomab (Scintimun) in peripheral osteomyelitis: comparison with 99mTc-labelled white blood cells[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2011, 38(5):899-910. DOI:10.1007/s00259-011-1731-2. [21] Thakur ML, Marcus CS, Henneman P, et al. Imaging inflammatory diseases with neutrophil-specific technetium-99m-labeled monoclonal antibody anti-SSEA-1[J]. J Nucl Med, 1996, 37(11):1789-1795. [22] Gemmel F, Dumarey N, Welling M. Future diagnostic agents[J]. Semin Nucl Med, 2009, 39(1):11-26. DOI:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2008.08.005. [23] Tsopelas C. Radiotracers used for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation[J/OL]. Scientific World Journal, 2015, 2015: 676719[2018-02-02]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4337049. DOI:10.1155/2015/676719. [24] Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, et al. Specific and rapid scintigraphic detection of infection with 99mTc-labeled interleukin-8[J]. J Nucl Med, 2001, 42(1):117-123. [25] Rennen HJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, van Eerd JE, et al. 99mTc-labeled interleukin-8 for scintigraphic detection of pulmonary infections[J]. Chest, 2004, 126(6):1954-1961. DOI:10.1378/chest.126.6.1954. [26] Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, et al. Kinetics of 99mTc-labeled interleukin-8 in experimental inflammation and infection[J]. J Nucl Med, 2003, 44(9):1502-1509. [27] Bleeker-Rovers CP, Rennen HJ, Boerman OC, et al. 99mTc-labeled interleukin 8 for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation:first clinical evaluation[J]. J Nucl Med, 2007, 48(3):337-343. [28] Le Y, Murphy PM, Wang JM. Formyl-peptide receptors revisited[J]. Trends Immunol, 2002, 23(11):541-548. doi: 10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02316-5 [29] Wang ZG, Ye RD. Characterization of two new members of the formyl peptide receptor gene family from 129S6 mice[J]. Gene, 2002, 299(1-2):57-63. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(02)01012-0 [30] Pollak A, Goodbody AE, Ballinger JR, et al. Imaging inflammation with 99Tcm-labeled chemotactic peptides:analogues with reduced neutropenia[J]. Nucl Med Commun, 1996, 17(2):132-139. doi: 10.1097/00006231-199602000-00007 [31] Zhang Y, Kundu B, Fairchild KD, et al. Synthesis of novel neutrophil-specific imaging agents for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging[J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2007, 17(24):6876-6878. DOI:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.013. [32] Stasiuk GJ, Holloway PM, Rivas C, et al. 99mTc SPECT imaging agent based on cFLFLFK for the detection of FPR1 in inflammation[J]. Dalton Trans, 2015, 44(11):4986-4993. DOI:10.1039/c4dt02980a. [33] Yang X, Chordia MD, Du X, et al. Targeting formyl peptide receptor 1 of activated macrophages to monitor inflammation of experimental osteoarthritis in rat[J]. J Orthop Res, 2016, 34(9):1529-1538. DOI:10.1002/jor.23148. [34] Pellico J, Lechuga-Vieco AV, Almarza E, et al. In vivo imaging of lung inflammation with neutrophil-specific 68Ga nano-radiotracer[J]. Sci Rep, 2017, 7(1):13242. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-12829-y. [35] Chen J, Cheng H, Dong Q, et al.[99mTc]cFLFLF for Early Diagnosis and Therapeutic Evaluation in a Rat Model of Acute Osteomyelitis[J]. Mol Imaging Biol, 2015, 17(3):337-344. DOI:10.1007/s11307-014-0787-3. [36] Locke LW, Chordia MD, Zhang Y, et al. A novel neutrophil-specific PET imaging agent:cFLFLFK-PEG-64Cu[J]. J Nucl Med, 2009, 50(5):790-797. DOI:10.2967/jnumed.108.056127. [37] Zhang Y, Kundu B, Zhong M, et al. PET imaging detection of macrophages with a formyl peptide receptor antagonist[J]. Nucl Med Biol, 2015, 42(4):381-386. DOI:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.12.001. [38] Locke LW, Kothandaraman S, Tweedle M, et al. Use of a leukocyte-targeted peptide probe as a potential tracer for imaging the tuberculosis granuloma[J]. Tuberculosis (Edinb), 2018, 108:201-210. DOI:10.1016/j.tube.2018.01.001.
计量
- 文章访问数: 3236
- HTML全文浏览量: 2367
- PDF下载量: 4