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甲状旁腺功能亢进症(hyperparathyroidism,HPT)分为原发性(primary hyperparathyroidism,PHPT)、继发性(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT)和三发性HPT。HPT是各种原因引起的甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)分泌过多及钙磷代谢紊乱。PHPT是甲状旁腺自身病变引起的,如甲状旁腺增生、腺瘤甚至腺癌;SHPT是各种原因引起的低血钙长期刺激甲状旁腺所致,如慢性肾功能衰竭,维生素D缺乏,肠道、肝和肾脏疾病致维生素D吸收不良和生成障碍。手术是目前治疗PTH的主要方法,术前对甲状旁腺病灶进行准确定位对甲状旁腺微创手术尤其重要。在本研究中我们探讨了99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT对HPT的定位诊断价值,并比较分析了不同类型HPT的显像特征及临床特点。
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28例PHPT患者经病理确认共有29个甲状旁腺病灶,其中17例(60.7%)为单发甲状旁腺腺瘤,7例为单发甲状旁腺增生,2例为2个甲状旁腺增生,1例为非典型甲状旁腺肿瘤,1例为甲状腺腺瘤误诊;69例SHPT患者经病理确认共有253个病灶,其中52例(75.4%)为4个甲状旁腺增生病灶,10例为3个甲状旁腺增生病灶,4例为2个甲状旁腺增生病灶,1例为3个甲状旁腺增生病灶合并1个腺瘤(异位腺瘤),1例为双发甲状旁腺腺瘤,1例为单发甲状旁腺腺瘤。两组患者病理类型(χ2=35.413,P < 0.001)及病灶数量(Z=-8.331,P < 0.001)比较,差异有统计学意义。
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以手术病理为金标准,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像定位结果见表 1。
病理类型 灵敏度 特异度 准确率 HPT(n=91) 71.63% 94.39% 77.89% (202/282) (101/107) (303/389) PHPT(n=28) 96.55% 98.78% 98.21% (28/29) (81/82) (110/112) SHPT(n=69) 68.77% 79.17% 69.68% (174/253) (19/24) (193/277) 注:表中,MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术;HPT:甲状旁腺功能亢进症;PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。 表 1 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT融合显像对HPT定位诊断效能
Table 1. The diagnostic efficiency of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT in hyperparathyroidism
99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像对PHPT有极高的定位诊断价值,对SHPT也具有有效的定位诊断价值。比较HPT不同病理类型病灶的显像发现,99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像对腺瘤病灶的检出率为95.2%(20/21),对增生病灶的检出率为70.0%(182/260),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.124,P=0.013)。此外,经统计学分析,在99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像病灶定位准确的SHPT患者与定位不准确的SHPT患者之间,血清PTH(t=0.629,P=0.531)、总钙(t=0.054,P=0.957)、磷(t=-0.541,P=0.590)、病灶直径(t=-0.739,P=0.463)、病灶是否伴钙化(χ2=0.145,P=0.703)等检查结果差异无统计学意义(表 2)。
类型 术前PTH/ (pg/mL) 术前血钙/ (mmol/L) 术前血磷/ (mmol/L) 病灶直径/mm 钙化/例 定位准确SHPT(n=23) 1843.76±784.93 2.57±0.24 2.01 ±0.57 15.31±5.22 7 定位不准确SHPT(n=46) 1703.80±909.78 2.57±0.30 2.09±0.51 16.43±5.66 12 统计量 t=0.629 t=0.0544 t=-0.541 t=-0.739 χ2=0.145 P值 0.531 0.957 0.590 0.463 0.703 注:表中,SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;PTH:甲状旁腺激素。 表 2 HPT病灶定位准确与不准确患者间的特征比较
Table 2. Comparison of characteristics between accurately diagnosed SHPT and inaccurately diagnosed SHPT
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28例PHPT患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像共显示28个病灶,69例SHPT患者的显像共显示180个病灶(包括1个位于胸腺的异位病灶)。其中,1例(3.6%)、26例(92.9%)、1例(3.6%)的PHPT患者显像分别显示0、1、2个病灶;13例(18.8%)、20例(29.0%)、17例(24.6%)、19例(27.5%)SHPT患者显像分别显示1、2、3、4个浓聚灶,两种类型HPT的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像统计学意义(Z=-6.452,P < 0.01)。以CT图像上甲状旁腺病灶最大横断面的最大径表示病灶大小,PHPT病灶的平均直径为17.4 mm,SHPT病灶的平均直径为12.8 mm,差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.591,P=0.010);PHPT与SHPT的最小病灶直径分别为6 mm和3 mm。SPECT/CT显像未显示PHPT患者甲状旁腺病灶存在钙化灶,但发现有19例SHPT患者甲状旁腺至少存在1个钙化灶,部分患者存在2个甚至多个钙化灶,两者比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.588,P < 0.01)。PHPT典型病例见图 1,SHPT典型病例见图 2、图 3。
图 1 一例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者男性,38岁,体检发现甲状旁腺激素升高,无特殊不适主诉。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像20 min时甲状腺双叶清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺显像剂分布影逐渐减淡并消失,甲状腺左叶区局灶性显像剂分布浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT示甲状腺左叶后下方见一大小约23 mm×20 mm结节样软组织密度影(橙色箭头),融合显像示结节伴有显像剂轻度摄取(红色箭头),考虑为甲状旁腺腺瘤。术后病理示甲状旁腺腺瘤。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 1. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of primary hyperparathyroidism
图 2 一例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者男性,30岁,慢性肾功能不全,行走时腿痛半年,检查发现甲状旁腺激素增高。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像20 min时两侧甲状腺清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺两叶下极显像剂轻度浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT示甲状腺双叶上下极低密度结节(橙色箭头),右上、右下、左上、左下极后方结节分别为6 mm×4 mm×7 mm、10 mm×5 mm×13 mm、7 mm×6 mm×10 mm、10 mm×7 mm×10.6 mm,融合显像示结节伴显像剂浓聚(红色箭头),考虑为增生的甲状旁腺组织。术后病理示“右上、右下、左上、左下”甲状旁腺腺瘤样增生。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 2. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of secondary hyperparathyroidism
图 3 一例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺内合并钙化的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者女性,44岁,慢性肾功能不全,检查发现甲状旁腺激素升高。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像示20 min时甲状腺双叶清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺显像剂分布影逐渐减淡,甲状腺双叶上、下极残留显像剂浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT可见甲状腺后方多发软组织密度结节(橙色箭头),左叶者其内见钙化灶,融合显像示结节伴显像剂浓聚(红色箭头),考虑为甲状旁腺增生或腺瘤。术后病理示甲状旁腺腺瘤样增生。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 3. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcification in parathyroid
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两种类型HPT临床特征比较见表 3。PHPT中无特殊不适主诉的患者比例明显高于SHPT(χ2=11.713,P < 0.001),出现结石的比例高于SHPT(χ2=6.075,P < 0.001),差异均有统计学意义;SHPT出现骨痛的比例高于PHPT(χ2=24.382,P < 0.01),差异均有统计学意义。PHPT患者中,2例患者明确发生骨量减少,1例患者出现胃肠道症状,无患者伴有骨折病史或皮肤瘙痒主诉;SHPT患者中,2例患者有骨折病史,3例患者明确发生骨量减少,2例患者出现胃肠道症状,1例患者出现皮肤瘙痒;以上数据之间的差异不显著。
类型 年龄/岁 病程/月 女性占比 无明显不适主诉/例 骨痛/例 结石/例 PHPT(n=28) 52.1±12.8 8(2, 24) 0.57(16/28) 20 2 8 SHPT(n=69) 51.0±12.9 12(6, 36) 0.51(35/69) 23 43 5 统计量 t=0.392 Z=-2.069 χ20.329 χ211.713 χ224.382 χ2b6.075 P值 0.696 0.039 0.566 0.001 < 0.01 0.014 注:表中,PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;χ2b:校正卡方值。 表 3 两种类型甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床特征比较
Table 3. Comparison of clinical features between PHPT and SHPT
两种类型HPT术前实验室检查比较见表 4。SHPT患者平均血清PTH、AKP水平分别为1750.5 pg/mL和431.6 U/L,PHPT分别为399.0 pg/mL和184.2 U/L,SHPT患者血清PTH和AKP水平均明显高于PHPT,差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.663、-4.326,均P < 0.001)。两种类型HPT的术前血钙、磷差异均有统计学意义(t=4.131,Z=-7.643,均P < 0.001)。
病理类型 术前PTH(pg/mL) 术前血钙(mmol/L) 术前血磷(mmol/L) 术前AKP(U/L) PHPT(n=28) 276.70(134.78, 522.12) 2.85±0.35 0.76±0.16 119.00(84.00, 171.50) SHPT(n=69) 1750.46±866.88 2.57±0.28 2.06±0.53 340.00(186.00, 647.00) 统计量 Z=-6.663 t=4.131 Z=-7.643 Z=-4.326 P值 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 注:表中,PTH:甲状旁腺激素;AKP:碱性磷酸酶;PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。 表 4 两种类型甲状旁腺功能亢进症实验室检查结果比较
Table 4. Comparison of laboratory examination results between PHPT and SHPT
99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT融合断层显像在甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的应用价值
Importance of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism
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摘要:
目的评价99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相融合断层显像在原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(PHPT)与继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析97例(PHPT 28例,SHPT 69例)HPT患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图像特征、症状、血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、血钙、磷及碱性磷酸酶(AKP)等结果。分析比较PHPT和SHPT两组患者的显像特点、手术病理、实验室检查以及诊断的灵敏度、特异度与临床指标之间的相关性。 结果(1)99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像对PHPT的术前诊断灵敏度为96.55%,特异度为98.78%;对SHPT的术前诊断灵敏度为68.77%,特异度为79.17%。(2)PHPT多表现为单发病灶,而SHPT多表现为多个亢进的甲状旁腺病灶,病灶平均直径较小(Z=-2.591,P=0.010),且容易合并钙化(χ2=9.588,P < 0.01),差异均有统计学意义。(3)PHPT中无特殊不适主诉的患者比例明显高于SHPT中的比例(χ2=11.713,P < 0.001),PHPT出现结石的比例高于SHPT(χ2=6.075,P < 0.001),SHPT出现骨痛的比例高于PHPT(χ2=24.382,P < 0.01),差异均有统计学意义;SHPT患者血清PTH和AKP水平均明显高于PHPT,差异有统计学意义(Z=-6.663、-4.326,均P < 0.001),PHPT具有高钙低磷的特点,SHPT患者血钙正常或轻度升高,血磷明显升高。 结论99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT双时相显像在PHPT患者的术前定位中有重要价值,特别是在PHPT中有极高的准确率。与PHPT相比,SHPT血清PTH、AKP水平升高更明显,多表现为多个病灶,病灶小,易合并钙化。 -
关键词:
- 99m锝甲氧基异丁基异腈 /
- 单光子发射计算机体层摄影术 /
- 甲状旁腺功能亢进,原发性 /
- 甲状旁腺功能亢进症,继发性
Abstract:ObjectiveThe value of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) was evaluated. MethodsA total of 97 HPT patients (28 PHPT patients and 69 SHPT) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT imaging features, clinical symptoms, serum PTH, Ca, P, and AKP were analyzed. The following data were compared between PHPT and SHPT patients:imaging features; pathological findings; laboratory examination results; and relevance of diagnostic efficiency and clinical index. Results(1) The sensitivity and specificity of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT in PHPT were 96.55% and 98.78%, respectively. By contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT SHPT were 68.77% and 79.17%, respectively. (2) PHPT generally exhibited single lesion with average diameter was 17.4 mm. Compared with PHPT, SHPT generally displayed more lesions with smaller diameter of 12.8 mm (Z=-2.591, P=0.010) and more likely to be found with calcification(χ2=9.588, P < 0.01). (3) The percentage of patients without special clinical symptoms was higher in PHPT(χ2=11.713, P < 0.001). The percentage of patients with calculus in urinary system was also higher in PHPT(χ2=6.075, P < 0.001). However, the percentage of patients with ostalgia was higher in SHPT(χ2=24.382, P < 0.001). Serum PTH and AKP were significantly higher in SHPT(Z=-6.663, -4.326, both P < 0.001). PHPT had high serum calcium level and low phosphorus level, whereas SHPT showed normal or slightly higher calcium level and significantly high phosphorus level. Conclusions99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT fusion imaging had a significant value in preoperation localization of HPT, especially in PHPT. Compared with PHPT, SHPT had a greater increase in serum PTH and AKP and usually exhibited several lesions which are smaller and more likely to accompany calcification. -
图 1 一例原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者男性,38岁,体检发现甲状旁腺激素升高,无特殊不适主诉。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像20 min时甲状腺双叶清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺显像剂分布影逐渐减淡并消失,甲状腺左叶区局灶性显像剂分布浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT示甲状腺左叶后下方见一大小约23 mm×20 mm结节样软组织密度影(橙色箭头),融合显像示结节伴有显像剂轻度摄取(红色箭头),考虑为甲状旁腺腺瘤。术后病理示甲状旁腺腺瘤。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 1. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of primary hyperparathyroidism
图 2 一例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者男性,30岁,慢性肾功能不全,行走时腿痛半年,检查发现甲状旁腺激素增高。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像20 min时两侧甲状腺清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺两叶下极显像剂轻度浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT示甲状腺双叶上下极低密度结节(橙色箭头),右上、右下、左上、左下极后方结节分别为6 mm×4 mm×7 mm、10 mm×5 mm×13 mm、7 mm×6 mm×10 mm、10 mm×7 mm×10.6 mm,融合显像示结节伴显像剂浓聚(红色箭头),考虑为增生的甲状旁腺组织。术后病理示“右上、右下、左上、左下”甲状旁腺腺瘤样增生。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 2. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of secondary hyperparathyroidism
图 3 一例继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症患者甲状旁腺内合并钙化的99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像图 患者女性,44岁,慢性肾功能不全,检查发现甲状旁腺激素升高。图中,A:99Tcm-MIBI显像示20 min时甲状腺双叶清晰显影,位置、形态、大小未见异常,显像剂分布基本均匀;B:延迟2 h显像示甲状腺显像剂分布影逐渐减淡,甲状腺双叶上、下极残留显像剂浓聚影(白色箭头);C~D:99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT显像CT可见甲状腺后方多发软组织密度结节(橙色箭头),左叶者其内见钙化灶,融合显像示结节伴显像剂浓聚(红色箭头),考虑为甲状旁腺增生或腺瘤。术后病理示甲状旁腺腺瘤样增生。MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术。
Figure 3. A 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT image of secondary hyperparathyroidism with calcification in parathyroid
表 1 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT融合显像对HPT定位诊断效能
Table 1. The diagnostic efficiency of 99Tcm-MIBI SPECT/CT in hyperparathyroidism
病理类型 灵敏度 特异度 准确率 HPT(n=91) 71.63% 94.39% 77.89% (202/282) (101/107) (303/389) PHPT(n=28) 96.55% 98.78% 98.21% (28/29) (81/82) (110/112) SHPT(n=69) 68.77% 79.17% 69.68% (174/253) (19/24) (193/277) 注:表中,MIBI:甲氧基异丁基异腈;SPECT/CT:单光子发射计算机体层摄影术;HPT:甲状旁腺功能亢进症;PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。 表 2 HPT病灶定位准确与不准确患者间的特征比较
Table 2. Comparison of characteristics between accurately diagnosed SHPT and inaccurately diagnosed SHPT
类型 术前PTH/ (pg/mL) 术前血钙/ (mmol/L) 术前血磷/ (mmol/L) 病灶直径/mm 钙化/例 定位准确SHPT(n=23) 1843.76±784.93 2.57±0.24 2.01 ±0.57 15.31±5.22 7 定位不准确SHPT(n=46) 1703.80±909.78 2.57±0.30 2.09±0.51 16.43±5.66 12 统计量 t=0.629 t=0.0544 t=-0.541 t=-0.739 χ2=0.145 P值 0.531 0.957 0.590 0.463 0.703 注:表中,SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;PTH:甲状旁腺激素。 表 3 两种类型甲状旁腺功能亢进症临床特征比较
Table 3. Comparison of clinical features between PHPT and SHPT
类型 年龄/岁 病程/月 女性占比 无明显不适主诉/例 骨痛/例 结石/例 PHPT(n=28) 52.1±12.8 8(2, 24) 0.57(16/28) 20 2 8 SHPT(n=69) 51.0±12.9 12(6, 36) 0.51(35/69) 23 43 5 统计量 t=0.392 Z=-2.069 χ20.329 χ211.713 χ224.382 χ2b6.075 P值 0.696 0.039 0.566 0.001 < 0.01 0.014 注:表中,PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;χ2b:校正卡方值。 表 4 两种类型甲状旁腺功能亢进症实验室检查结果比较
Table 4. Comparison of laboratory examination results between PHPT and SHPT
病理类型 术前PTH(pg/mL) 术前血钙(mmol/L) 术前血磷(mmol/L) 术前AKP(U/L) PHPT(n=28) 276.70(134.78, 522.12) 2.85±0.35 0.76±0.16 119.00(84.00, 171.50) SHPT(n=69) 1750.46±866.88 2.57±0.28 2.06±0.53 340.00(186.00, 647.00) 统计量 Z=-6.663 t=4.131 Z=-7.643 Z=-4.326 P值 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001 注:表中,PTH:甲状旁腺激素;AKP:碱性磷酸酶;PHPT:原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症;SHPT:继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症。 -
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