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临床工作中,孤立性肺结节(solitary pulmonary nodule,SPN)的影像诊断和鉴别诊断一直是难点,18F-FDG PET/CT作为最有效的鉴别SPN的检查手段,仍然存在一些不足。 18F-FDG PET/CT显像诊断结节的良恶性是根据肿瘤组织葡萄糖代谢差异来判断的,但18F-FDG属非特异性肿瘤显像剂,对一些炎症组织(如结核性肉芽肿、结节病)会产生假阳性结果。常规18F-FDG PET/CT显像单纯依靠SUVmax判断肺结节良恶性的灵敏度、特异度及准确率较低,且假阳性率及假阴性率较高,结合18F-FDG PET/CT延迟显像后,仍有部分病变难以鉴别。近年来,有学者寻找除18F-FDG PET/CT以外的其他影像学方法来弥补其不足,如高分辨率CT(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT)及11C-胆碱(choline,11C-CHO)显像[1]。本研究探讨了常规18F-FDG PET/CT、18F-FDG双时相PET/CT、HRCT及11C-CHO PET/CT多模态显像对SPN的诊断价值,现报道如下。
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28例SPN患者中,经病理或临床随访确诊,有肺癌17例,结核7例,结节病4例。
常规18F-FDG PET/CT 显像确诊21 例,其中5 例腺癌、8 例鳞癌、1 例鳞腺癌为真阳性,4 例结核和3 例结节病为真阴性。4 例患者因SUVmax≥2.5 而出现假阳性,病理证实有3 例结核、1 例结节病。3 例SUVmax < 2.5 假阴性患者,穿刺病理证实1例高分化腺癌(图 1中A)、2 例高分化鳞癌,二者病变直径均小于15 mm。常规18F-FDG PET/CT显像结果的准确率为75.0%,灵敏度(真阳性率)为82.4%,特异度(真阴性率)为63.6%(表 1)。
图 1 左肺下叶后基底段孤立性肺结节的 18F-FDG PET/CT 常规全身显像、 肺局部延迟显像、 11C-胆碱 PET/CT 肺局部显像、 肺高分辨率 CT 和病理图 患者男性, 65 岁, 间歇性咳嗽 3 个月余, 无明显咯痰、 咯血, 就诊呼吸内科, 门诊 CT 发现左肺下叶背段小结节影, 为确诊结节性质, 行 PET/CT 检查。 图中, A: 18F-FDG PET/CT 图, CT 图示左肺下叶后基底段直径约 2.1 cm 结节影, CT 值 23~42 Hu, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 1.8; B: 18F-FDG PET/CT 延迟显像图, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 2.4, 滞留指数为 33%;C: 11C-胆碱 PET/CT 图, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 2.8; D: 高分辨率 CT 图, 示结节见分叶征、 短细毛刺、 胸膜尾征、支气管充气征、 血管集束征、 空泡征; E: 术后病理图, 左下肺腺癌(苏木精-伊红染色, ×200)。
Figure 1. The 18F-FDG PET/CT normal imaging, 18F-FDG PET/CT delay imaging, 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging, HRCT imaging and pathology of the left lower lobe posterior basal section solitary pulmonary lesion
显像方式 准确度 灵敏度(真阳性率) 特异度(真阴性率) 18F-FDG PET/CT 75.0(21/28) 82.4(14/17) 63.6(7/11) 18F-FDG 双时相 PET/CT 85.7(24/28) 88.9(16/18) 80.0(8/10) 11C-CHO PET/CT 82.1(23/28) 82.3(14/17) 81.8(9/11) 11C-CHO+18F-FDG 双时相 PET/CT+HRCT 96.4(27/28) 90.0(9/10) 91.7(11/12) 注: 表中, CHO: 胆碱; HRCT: 高分辨率 CT。 表 1 28 例孤立性肺结节患者 4 种显像方法的灵敏度、 特异度、 准确率比较(%)
Table 1. 28 patients with socitary pulmonary nodule were compared through true positive rate, negative rate and accuracy by 4 imagings(%)
18F-FDG双时相PET/CT(常规显像+延迟显像)确诊24例(肺癌16例、良性病8例),研究结果显示18例SPN 延迟显像2 h时,SPN 的延迟显像△SUVmax较早期常规显像的SUVmax上升≥10%(13.7%±3.1%)而诊断为恶性病变(图 1中B)。4 例结核患者因常规显像SUVmax≥2.5疑似恶性的患者中3 例患者SUVmax 降低或升高未达10%而考虑为良性病。3例结节病和2例结核常规显像和延迟显像SUVmax < 2.5考虑良性病。4例误诊患者,其中2例诊断为恶性的SPN,穿刺活检为良性(1例结核,1例结节病),误诊原因可能与病变处于增殖活跃期有关。2例诊断为良性病变的SPN,1例观察6个月结节体积增大,手术后病理为肺泡细胞癌,与病变呈磨玻璃影有关。1例误诊为结核,抗结核无效,活检为结节病。 常规显像+延迟显像结果的准确率为85.7%,灵敏度(真阳性率)为88.9%,特异度(真阴性率)为80.0%(表 1)。
11C-CHO PET/CT显像确诊23 例,其中21 例11C-CHO PET/CT与18F-FDG PET/CT显像结果均一致,且恶性与良性病变比较,SUVmax明显增高,差异有统计学意义(表 2);4 例18F-FDG SUVmax≥2.5 患者中有2 例11C-CHO SUVmax < 2.5,病理证实1 例结核、1 例结节病。3例18F-FDG SUVmax < 2.5而11C-CHO SUVmax≥2.5的患者中1例随访或活检均为良性,可能与良性病变细胞膜增殖较快有关,2例为恶性(图 1中C)。11C-CHO PET/CT显像结果的准确率为82.1%,灵敏度(真阳性率)为82.3%,特异度(真阴性率)为81.8%(表 1)。
显像剂 肺癌(n=17) 良性病变(n=11) t P值 18F-FDG 5.29±2.75 2.20±1.23 10.57 0.00 11C-CHO 3.28±1.76 0.81±0.79 13.19 0.00 注: 表中, CHO: 胆碱。 表 2 28 例孤立性肺结节患者 18F-FDG PET/CT 和 11C-CHO PET/CT 的 SUVmax 比较
Table 2. 28 patients were compared through SUVmax by 18F-FDG PET/CT and 11C-CHO PET/CT
11C-CHO+18F-FDG双时相PET/CT+HRCT确诊27 例(肺癌16例,结核7例,结节病4例),与常规18F-FDG PET/CT显像比较,4 例18F-FDG PET/CT显像结果SUVmax≥2.5的SPN患者中均无HRCT恶性表现;3 例18F-FDG PET/CT显像结果SUVmax < 2.5的SPN患者中,2例有两个以上HRCT 恶性表现(图 1中D),病理结果确诊为恶性(图 1中E),误诊1 例有HRCT 恶性表现,但病理结果为良性,可能与结核处于活跃期,血供较丰富有关。11C-CHO+18F-FDG双时相PET/CT+HRCT显像结果的准确率为96.4%,灵敏度(真阳性率)为90.0%,特异度(真阳性率)为91.7%(表 1)。所有患者的HRCT特征比较详见表 3。
分类 分叶 毛刺征 胸膜尾征 支气管充气征 血管集束征 空泡征 肺癌(n=17) 13 3 6 4 3 1 良性(n=11) 1 0 1 7 0 2 χ2 9.27 10.36 14.31 4.50 17.52 1.05 P值 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 表 3 28 例孤立性肺结节患者高分辨率 CT 特征比较
Table 3. 28 patients were compared through high resolution CT
11C-胆碱与18F-FDG双时相PET/CT显像结合高分辨率CT在孤立性肺结节鉴别诊断中的应用
Application of 11C-CHO and 18F-FDG dual-phase PET/CT imaging combined with high-resolution computed tomography in differential diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules
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摘要:
目的比较11C-胆碱(11C-CHO)PET/CT、18F-FDG双时相PET/CT、常规18F-FDG PET/CT、11C-CHO+18F-FDG双时相PET/CT显像结合高分辨率CT(HRCT)4种方法对鉴别诊断孤立性肺结节(SPN)良恶性的价值。 方法对28例SPN患者进行18F-FDG PET/CT显像(注药后l h显像,2 h行延迟显像)和11C-CHO PET/CT显像(于注药10 min后进行)。PET图像判断以SPN最大截面勾画ROI,计算SUVmax作为半定量指标,SUVmax ≥ 2.5为阳性,18F-FDG PET/CT延迟显像SUVmax上升10%为恶性病变(阳性),下降或升高 < 10%为良性病变(阴性)。HRCT以是否有分叶征、短细毛刺、胸膜尾征、支气管充气征、血管集束征、空泡征为分析良恶性的指征。所有病例进行临床综合分析及随访,以影像诊断是否符合临床随访及病理结果作为判断标准。组间SUVmax的比较采用t检验;计数资料的比较采用χ2检验。 结果 28例SPN患者中,病理或临床随访诊断发现肺癌17例,结核7例,结节病4例。常规18F-FDG PET/CT显像确诊21例,18F-FDG双时相PET/CT显像确诊24例,11C-CHO PET/CT显像确诊23例,11C-CHO +18F-FDG双时相PET/CT+HRCT确诊27例。28例患者良恶性结节的18F-FDG及11C-CHO PET/CT的SUVmax比较,差异有统计学意义(t=10.57和13.19,均P < 0.05)。良恶性结节分叶、毛刺、胸膜尾征、血管集束征之间的差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.27、10.36、14.31和17.52,均P < 0.05)。11C-CHO+18F-FDG双时相PET/CT+HRCT联合显像的灵敏度为81.8%,特异度为94.1%,准确率为96.4%,明显高于非联合显像。 结论 11C-CHO+18F-FDG双时相PET/CT+HRCT能较好地鉴别SPN的良恶性,三者联合能提高对SPN的诊断率。 -
关键词:
- 孤立性肺结节 /
- 胆碱 /
- 氟脱氧葡萄糖F18 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术, X线计算机
Abstract:Objective To compare choline (11C-CHO) PET/CT, conventional 18F-FDG PET/CT, 18F-FDG double-phase PET/CT, and 11C-CHO PET/CT +18F-FDG double-phase PET/CT imaging combined with high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) to determine whether differential diagnosis value for solitary pulmonary nodules (SPN) is benign or malignant. Methods This study included 28 patients who were clinically diagnosed with SPN. Patients were injected with 18F-FDG then subjected to PET/CT scan after 1 and 2 h and were injected with 11C-CHO then subjected to PET/CT scan again after 10 min. PET images were analyzed by SPN maximum section ROI and SUVmax as a semi-quantitative index, wherein values higher than 2.5 are considered positive for SPN. SUVmax in routine were compared with that in delayed 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, wherein an increase of more than 10% indicates malignant lesions (positive), whereas a decrease or increase by less than 10% indicates benign lesions (negative). Benign or malignant lesion were analyzed with lobulation, short spiculation and pleural tail sign, air bronchogram, vascular convergence sign, and vacuole sign in HRCT imaging. All cases were analyzed and clinically followed-up. Imaging diagnoses were compared with pathological results or clinical follow -up. SUVmax comparisons between groups were tested by t-test and the enumeration data were compared by analysis of variance. Results Twenty -eight patients were pathologically diagnosed and clinically followed-up. Seventeen patients were diagnosed with lung cancer, seven with tuberculosis, and four with sarcoidosis. Twenty patients were confirmed by routine 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, 24 by double-phase 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, 23 by routine 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging, and 27 by 11C -CHO PET/CT + 18F -FDG double -phase PET/CT + HRCT. 18F -FDG and 11C -CHO SUVmax in benign or malignant nodules in 28 patients were analyzed. Differences were statistically significant(t=10.57 and 13.19, both P < 0.05). A significant difference exists between benign and malignant nodules in the leaf, burr, pleural tail sign, and vascular bundle sign(χ2=9.27, 10.36, 14.31, and 17.52, all P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 11C -CHO +18F -FDG dual phase PET/CT +HRCT were 90.0%, 91.7% and 96.4%, significantly higher than that of the others uncombined imaging. Conclusion 11C-CHO PET/CT + 18F-FDG dual-phase PET/CT+HRCT can determine whether SPN is benign or malignant. Combine the three scan models will improve diagnostic efficiency of SPN. -
图 1 左肺下叶后基底段孤立性肺结节的 18F-FDG PET/CT 常规全身显像、 肺局部延迟显像、 11C-胆碱 PET/CT 肺局部显像、 肺高分辨率 CT 和病理图 患者男性, 65 岁, 间歇性咳嗽 3 个月余, 无明显咯痰、 咯血, 就诊呼吸内科, 门诊 CT 发现左肺下叶背段小结节影, 为确诊结节性质, 行 PET/CT 检查。 图中, A: 18F-FDG PET/CT 图, CT 图示左肺下叶后基底段直径约 2.1 cm 结节影, CT 值 23~42 Hu, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 1.8; B: 18F-FDG PET/CT 延迟显像图, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 2.4, 滞留指数为 33%;C: 11C-胆碱 PET/CT 图, PET 图示相应部位显像剂摄取增高, SUVmax 约 2.8; D: 高分辨率 CT 图, 示结节见分叶征、 短细毛刺、 胸膜尾征、支气管充气征、 血管集束征、 空泡征; E: 术后病理图, 左下肺腺癌(苏木精-伊红染色, ×200)。
Figure 1. The 18F-FDG PET/CT normal imaging, 18F-FDG PET/CT delay imaging, 11C-CHO PET/CT imaging, HRCT imaging and pathology of the left lower lobe posterior basal section solitary pulmonary lesion
表 1 28 例孤立性肺结节患者 4 种显像方法的灵敏度、 特异度、 准确率比较(%)
Table 1. 28 patients with socitary pulmonary nodule were compared through true positive rate, negative rate and accuracy by 4 imagings(%)
显像方式 准确度 灵敏度(真阳性率) 特异度(真阴性率) 18F-FDG PET/CT 75.0(21/28) 82.4(14/17) 63.6(7/11) 18F-FDG 双时相 PET/CT 85.7(24/28) 88.9(16/18) 80.0(8/10) 11C-CHO PET/CT 82.1(23/28) 82.3(14/17) 81.8(9/11) 11C-CHO+18F-FDG 双时相 PET/CT+HRCT 96.4(27/28) 90.0(9/10) 91.7(11/12) 注: 表中, CHO: 胆碱; HRCT: 高分辨率 CT。 表 2 28 例孤立性肺结节患者 18F-FDG PET/CT 和 11C-CHO PET/CT 的 SUVmax 比较
Table 2. 28 patients were compared through SUVmax by 18F-FDG PET/CT and 11C-CHO PET/CT
显像剂 肺癌(n=17) 良性病变(n=11) t P值 18F-FDG 5.29±2.75 2.20±1.23 10.57 0.00 11C-CHO 3.28±1.76 0.81±0.79 13.19 0.00 注: 表中, CHO: 胆碱。 表 3 28 例孤立性肺结节患者高分辨率 CT 特征比较
Table 3. 28 patients were compared through high resolution CT
分类 分叶 毛刺征 胸膜尾征 支气管充气征 血管集束征 空泡征 肺癌(n=17) 13 3 6 4 3 1 良性(n=11) 1 0 1 7 0 2 χ2 9.27 10.36 14.31 4.50 17.52 1.05 P值 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 >0.05 <0.05 >0.05 -
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