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恶性肿瘤是我国乃至全球主要的公共健康问题,在我国癌症致死占所有疾病死因的1/4[1]。传统的癌症治疗方法主要包括手术治疗、化疗及放疗等。非实体瘤、全身广泛转移的癌症等不能进行有效的手术治疗及放疗,同时化疗因不良反应大、特异性差、疗效低,难以满足临床治疗的需求。随着对恶性肿瘤发病机理研究的不断深入,针对特定致癌基因、蛋白或受体的分子靶向治疗取得了明显效果,相较普通化疗,靶向治疗的特异性强、疗效显著,同时不良反应明显减小,已逐渐成为临床肿瘤治疗的重要手段之一。其中,表皮生长因子受体(epithelial growth factor receptor,EGFR)因分布广泛、生理作用重要而备受关注[2-3],成为最早实现分子靶向治疗的靶点。
PET显像是21世纪初新兴的无创性分子显像方式,其利用正电子核素标记的葡萄糖、核酸、抗体、小分子等物质作为显像剂,通过病灶对显像剂的摄取来反映其代谢或结合情况,可反映病变的基因、分子、代谢及功能状态,将微观复杂的生物过程(如基因表达、突变、信号传导、蛋白表达等)变成直观图像,可实现活体、动态、实时成像,具有高特异度、高灵敏度的特点[4]。PET显像技术在肿瘤、脑、心脏等疾病及药物研究中应用广泛。其中,靶向EGFR的PET显像研究受到临床医师的普遍关注,众多靶向EGFR的PET显像剂被开发利用,笔者回顾总结了靶向EGFR的小分子类PET显像剂,并对其应用前景进行了展望。
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EGFR由胞外区、跨膜区和胞内区组成,目前靶向EGFR的药物主要有两种:一种是竞争结合胞外配体结合区域的单克隆抗体;另一种是在胞内与ATP竞争性结合EGFR磷酸化位点的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)(即EGFR-TKI)。在过去的十多年间,美国食品与药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准上市了靶向EGFR的3种单克隆抗体和6种小分子TKI(表 1),同时有上百种类似药物处于临床研发阶段。但是由于个体分子遗传背景不同,导致该类药物的临床疗效存在较大的个体差异。如西妥昔单抗和帕尼单抗仅适用于无突变的鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因(KRAS)野生型患者[5],研究表明EGFR-TKI的临床疗效与EGFR的过表达及突变密切相关,EGFR突变是预测TKI疗效的重要指标[6]。如何检测这种个体差异,并逐步实现个体化治疗是目前靶向EGFR肿瘤治疗面临的一个重要问题。
药物名称 商品名 靶点 适应证 西妥昔单抗(Cetunmab) Erbitux EGFR 结直肠癌 帕尼单抗(Panitumumab ) Vectibix EGFR 结直 耐昔妥株单抗(Necitumumab ) Portrazza EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 吉非替尼(Gefitrnib) Iressa EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 埃罗替尼(Erlotinib) Tarceva EGFR 非小细胞肺癌、胰腺癌 拉帕替尼(Lapatmib) Tykerb EGFR: HER-2 乳腺癌 凡德他尼(Vandetanib ) Caprelsa VEGFR: EGFR 甲状腺癌 阿法替尼(Afatinib) Gilotrif EGFR: HER-2 非小细胞肺癌 奥斯替尼(Osimertinib) Tagrisso EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 注:表中,EGFR:表皮生长因子受体;VEGFR:血管内皮生长因子受体;HER-2: 人表皮生长因子受体2。 表 1 美国食品与药品管理局批准的表皮生长因子受体靶向药物
Table 1. Anti-cancer drugs targeting EGFR approved by Food and Drug Administration
目前有效地评估EGFR表达水平和检查EGFR突变最常用的方法主要有PCR-直接测序法、PCR-TaqMan法,其余还有变性高效液相色谱法、蝎形探针扩增阻滞突变系统法、PCR-单链构象多态性法、酶切富集PCR法等[7-8]。但上述方法均需要取肿瘤组织或者外周血样本,具有创伤性。并且由于肿瘤状态的不均一性,小量组织或血液样本的检测结果并不总代表原发灶的生物学特点。另外由于某些特殊肿瘤原发部位难以或者无法取得病理标本,导致为明确基因突变情况的患者在多程治疗后,难以采用基因突变的检测结果预测EGFR-TKI的疗效。因此,目前急需寻找一种准确、实时、无创、在线检测EGFR表达水平和突变情况的方法,以指导临床治疗。靶向EGFR的特异性PET显像使得活体、实时、无创检测EGFR表达水平及突变情况的分子成像成为可能,可为临床中进行分子靶向药物敏感个体的筛选、实时疗效监测及预后评估提供准确、直观的影像学依据。
靶向表皮生长因子受体小分子类PET显像剂研究进展
PET imaging agents of small molecules inhibitors targeting EGFR
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摘要: 表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)在多种癌症的发生发展中起着重要作用,目前已有多种EGFR靶向药物被美国食品与药品管理局批准用于临床,但因个体敏感程度不同,总体疗效偏低。研究表明EGFR高表达或突变患者对靶向药物敏感,因此明确EGFR表达水平和突变状态对临床用药有重要指导意义。PET成像技术能实现分子水平无创显像,并能通过SUV进行半定量研究,使得在体内无创明确EGFR表达、突变情况,指导靶向药物的精准治疗成为可能。笔者综述了靶向EGFR的小分子类PET显像剂,以期为新的探针研发及其临床应用提供一定帮助。
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关键词:
- 受体,表皮生长因子 /
- 放射性示踪剂 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂
Abstract: Epithelial growth factor receptor(EGFR) plays an important role in numerous cancers and many types of targeting EGFR drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. However, the individual sensitivity and efficiency rates of these targeting EGFR medicines are low. Many studies have shown that patients with high EGFR expression or mutation are responsive to targeting drugs. Therefore, clearing the EGFR expression and mutation status is significant for clinical medication. PET is a noninvasive in vivo imaging technique that enables the visualization and quantification of the distribution of molecules labeled with positron-emitting isotopes at a picomolar level. PET can guide the precision medicine for these targeting EGFR drugs. This review summarizes the small-molecule PET probes for targeting EGFR. -
表 1 美国食品与药品管理局批准的表皮生长因子受体靶向药物
Table 1. Anti-cancer drugs targeting EGFR approved by Food and Drug Administration
药物名称 商品名 靶点 适应证 西妥昔单抗(Cetunmab) Erbitux EGFR 结直肠癌 帕尼单抗(Panitumumab ) Vectibix EGFR 结直 耐昔妥株单抗(Necitumumab ) Portrazza EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 吉非替尼(Gefitrnib) Iressa EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 埃罗替尼(Erlotinib) Tarceva EGFR 非小细胞肺癌、胰腺癌 拉帕替尼(Lapatmib) Tykerb EGFR: HER-2 乳腺癌 凡德他尼(Vandetanib ) Caprelsa VEGFR: EGFR 甲状腺癌 阿法替尼(Afatinib) Gilotrif EGFR: HER-2 非小细胞肺癌 奥斯替尼(Osimertinib) Tagrisso EGFR 非小细胞肺癌 注:表中,EGFR:表皮生长因子受体;VEGFR:血管内皮生长因子受体;HER-2: 人表皮生长因子受体2。 -
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