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头颈部肿瘤包括颈部肿瘤、耳鼻喉科肿瘤以及口腔颌面部肿瘤三大部分。头颈部所发生的肿瘤,其原发部位和病理类型之多,居全身肿瘤之首。根据国际流行病学研究机构提供的资料,我国近年头颈部肿瘤的年发病率为15.22/10万,占全身恶性肿瘤的4.45%,其中,超过90%的头颈部肿瘤为鳞状细胞癌。最近10年,全球头颈部鳞状细胞癌(head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,HNSCC)的发病率明显上升,特别是在女性中。同时,由于头颈部重要器官比较集中,解剖关系复杂,因此该部位发生的肿瘤限制了扩大切除手术的应用,从而影响到单纯手术的疗效。大剂量化疗除了其本身对全身系统的损伤难以避免外,还存在血脑屏障的问题。而放疗的参与,可以明显提高手术的局部控制率、改善远期生存,而且相当一部分的头颈部早期肿瘤通过单纯放疗也可获得满意的治愈率,同时又可理想地保留头颈部器官的功能(如鼻咽癌、早期头颈部癌和头颈部低分化癌)。因此,放疗在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中显得尤为重要。
转化医学是近十年来国际生物医学领域出现的新概念和重点研究方向,将科研过程及其成果与临床紧密结合,尤其体现在通过检测患者肿瘤组织中的基因突变靶点及基因单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)分型、mRNA基因定量表达,为临床提供靶向及个体化放疗的依据,能显著提高治疗的有效率。
因此,为了进一步完善HNSCC放疗的治疗策略,需要认识和研究以下几个方面的内容:① DNA损伤反应和修复机制;②辐射诱导细胞间与细胞内信号传导;③微观环境;④肿瘤生物标志物和分子靶向分析。
头颈部肿瘤放疗中转化医学相关机制的研究进展
Development in translational medicine-related mechanisms of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
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摘要: 头颈部肿瘤是目前世界上最常见的肿瘤之一,超过90%的头颈部肿瘤为鳞状细胞癌。放疗在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中显得尤为重要,目前国内治疗早期肿瘤可以单纯放疗为主,晚期肿瘤则选择综合性治疗。转化医学是近些年来新的研究重点,将科研过程及其成果与临床紧密结合,尤其体现在通过检测患者肿瘤组织中的基因突变靶点及基因单核苷酸多态性分型、mRNA基因定量表达,为临床提供靶向及个体化放疗的依据,能显著提高治疗的有效率。Abstract: Head and neck cancer is currently one of the most common tumors worldwide. More than 90% of head and neck tumors are squamous cell carcinoma. Radiotherapy is particularly important in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Current domestic treatment is sole radiotherapy for early tumors, but comprehensive treatment is administered for late tumors. Translational medicine, which closely connects results from studies and clinical medicine, has emerged as a new research focus in recent years. This method is expected to provide basis for target and individual radiotherapy through the detection of target gene mutations, gene single nucleotide polymorphism classification, and mRNA gene expression in tumor tissues of patients. Thus, this method can be used to evidently improve the efficiency of clinical treatment of tumors.
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