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心血管疾病是目前危害人类健康的主要疾病之一,给个人、家庭和社会带来了沉重的经济和精神负担。多项研究发现,慢性心力衰竭、冠心病、原发性心肌病等严重心血管疾病通常伴有房室、室间和(或)室内机械不同步,进而导致严重心脏不良事件的发生[1-2]。近年来,左室机械不同步在心血管疾病诊疗中越来越受重视,一些研究表明,左室机械不同步不仅可用于心脏不良事件的独立预测[3-4],而且能进行心脏再同步治疗(cardiac resynchronization therapy,CRT)的预后评估[5-7]。因此,准确评估左室机械不同步,对预测心脏不良事件及CRT预后评估具有重要的临床意义。
评价左室机械不同步的常用方法主要有彩色编码组织多普勒成像(tissue doppler imaging,TDI)、MRI和放射性核素显像等。目前TDI应用较为广泛,其优势在于可以评价心脏瓣膜及各室壁运动情况并能获得相关心功能指标,早先美国心脏病学会和美国心脏学会将TDI得到的左室机械不同步参数作为CRT应答的重要预测因子[8]。但一项关于预测CRT应答的多中心大型临床研究[9]报告结果并未证实TDI评估左室机械不同步参数的准确可靠性,使单纯TDI技术在评价左室机械不同步及预测CRT疗效方面的价值受到挑战,主要原因是TDI的准确率高度依赖于超声医师的技术水平,导致结果可变性大、可重复性差[10]。MRI评估左室机械不同步同样具有较高的应用价值[11],但该检查时间长,且不适于装有心脏起搏装置的患者,所以临床应用较少。门控心肌灌注显像(gated myocardial perfusion imaging,GMPI)是一种既能评价心肌缺血又能同时测定左室功能的影像学诊断技术。近年来,随着SPECT心脏处理软件的不断更新,应用相位分析技术评价左室机械不同步的研究引起了众多学者的密切关注,GMPI相位分析技术已逐步应用于多种心血管疾病诊疗的临床研究中。
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Botvinick等[12]在20世纪80年代初期通过门控心血池显像观察心脏运动不同步现象,随后越来越多的学者应用门控心血池显像相位分析评价左右心室收缩、舒张活动的协调性。门控心血池显像从相位直方图中可获得反映心脏运动同步性的几种定量参数:相角程(phase shift)、相位角度平均数(mean phase)、相位角度标准差(phase SD)、偏度(skewness)等。其中相位角度平均数与相位角度标准差最能反映心脏运动同步性:比较左、右心室的相位角度平均数可观察室间运动是否同步,若左、右心室的相位角度平均数差别较大,则表明左、右心室运动不同步;相位角度标准差可反映左心室内机械不同步的程度。门控心血池显像临床应用较为成熟,但也存在局限性,门控心血池显像是采用心电图R波作为触发信号,因此当患者出现心律不齐时就无法进行图像采集。此外,门控心血池显像相位分析的主要不足在于其ROI是在平面图像上进行勾画,因而ROI中可能重叠有非心脏组织,导致其准确率明显降低。尽管门控心血池显像在三维图像上勾画ROI可以降低重叠效应的影响,在一定程度上可提高准确率,但由于缺少标准程序,可信度低,临床应用较少。
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GMPI是一种临床最常用的冠心病诊断技术之一,其在评价心肌缺血的同时,结合心电门控技术能够同时准确测定左心室功能,评价左心室整体或局部的室壁运动和室壁增厚率等。最早由美国Emory大学医学院研发的Emory cardiac Toolbox(ECToolbox)图像分析软件[13],对GMPI采集的数据进行特殊处理,可直接获得左心室室壁运动的相位直方图,通过对相位直方图的计算和分析,能获得反映左心室机械不同步的多种定量参数。Chen等[13]应用ECToolbox软件对45名健康男性和45名健康女性进行GMPI相位分析,得到5个常用定量参数:带宽(即相位直方图的宽度)、相峰(即相位直方图的峰值)、相位标准差(即相位的分布范围)、偏度(即相位直方图的对称性)、峰态(即相位直方图的起始点到峰值的宽度),其定量数值见表 1。该研究还发现,正常人的相位直方图显示为一个窄而尖的峰,两侧协调对称;而伴有左室机械不同步的心衰患者的相位直方图显示的峰相明显增宽且不对称,其带宽及相位标准差均明显升高。该结论与van der Veen等[14]及Atchley等[15]的研究结果一致,所以目前认为,相位分析中的带宽及相位标准差对评价左室机械不同步最为灵敏。随着多种SPECT心脏处理软件程序的相继问世和推广(如密歇根大学研制的Corridor4DM软件、Cedars-Sinai医学研究中心研制的Cedars QGS软件等[16-17]),GMPI相位分析评价左室机械不同步性已成为新兴的重要诊断方法之一。相关研究报道,GMPI相位分析与TDI评价左室机械不同步有较好的一致性,并且由于GMPI相位分析具有标准的数据采集流程和完全自动化的分析软件,用其评价左室活动的协调性具有较好的可重复性[18-19]。因此,应用GMPI相位分析技术评价心血管疾病左室机械不同步具有可靠的临床可行性。
性别 相峰 相位标准差 带宽 偏度 峰态 男性 134.5±14.3 14.2±5.1 38.7±11.8 4.19±0.68 19.72±7.68 女性 140.2±14.9 11.8±5.2 30.6±9.6 4.60±0.72 23.21±8.16 注:表中,GMPI表示门控心肌灌注显像。 表 1 正常男性和女性GMPI相位分析定量参数范围
(x±s,°)
门控心肌灌注显像相位分析在心血管疾病左室机械不同步中的应用
The application of phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion imaging to assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in cardiovascular disease
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摘要: 左室机械不同步与心功能不全的严重程度密切相关,准确评估左室机械不同步,对预测心脏不良事件、指导心脏再同步治疗及预后评估具有重要的临床意义。门控心肌灌注显像(GMPI)相位分析是一项定量评估左室机械不同步的新技术。通过一次GMPI检查既可以得到局部心肌血流灌注的定量指标,同时还能定量分析左室心功能和左室收缩协调性,在研究心血管疾病左室机械不同步及预后评估中具有广阔的应用前景。该文着重对GMPI相位分析在心血管疾病诊疗中的应用进展进行综述。
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关键词:
- 门控心肌灌注显像 /
- 心血管疾病 /
- 体层摄影术,发射型计算机,单光子 /
- 相位分析 /
- 左室不同步
Abstract: Left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony is closely related to the severity of cardiovascular disease, it is essential to assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony accurately for early prediction of adverse cardiac events and prognosis assessment of the cardiac resynchronization therapy. As a new technology to assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony, the phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion imaging(GMPI) can get both quantitative indicators of regional myocardial perfusion, evaluation of regional myocardial viability and scar tissue, as well as quantitative analysis of left ventricular function and left ventricular mechanical synchrony, it has broad application prospects in cardiovascular disease to assess left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and prognosis assessment. This review mainly described the applications of GMPI phase analysis in the cardiovascular disease. -
表 1 正常男性和女性GMPI相位分析定量参数范围
(x±s,°) 性别 相峰 相位标准差 带宽 偏度 峰态 男性 134.5±14.3 14.2±5.1 38.7±11.8 4.19±0.68 19.72±7.68 女性 140.2±14.9 11.8±5.2 30.6±9.6 4.60±0.72 23.21±8.16 注:表中,GMPI表示门控心肌灌注显像。 -
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