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Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是一类重要的模式识别受体,主要表达于单核细胞、巨噬细胞、树突细胞等细胞膜上,是与微生物识别有关的天然免疫受体家族[1]。它可以识别不同的特异性配体,如病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)及某些内源性配体,从而引发信号转导,导致固有免疫的激活和炎性介质的释放,引起慢性炎症及人类多种免疫疾病[2],而慢性炎症与肿瘤的发展密切相关[3]。TLRs最初被认为是固有免疫和适应性免疫系统所特有的,但最近很多学者发现,TLRs也表达于肿瘤细胞[4-5]。肿瘤细胞表面激活的TLRs信号可能在促进肿瘤的发生、发展、免疫逃逸、凋亡抵抗、转移和侵袭等方面起着重要作用[6]。其中,以TLR4在肿瘤中的表达最为广泛且表达丰度较高,它与多种肿瘤的生物学行为密切相关,在肿瘤发生、发展中的作用备受关注[7],因而成为当前肿瘤免疫领域的一个研究热点。
众所周知,放射治疗是恶性肿瘤治疗的主要手段之一。但放疗后肿瘤的治愈率和局部控制率存在明显不同,其主要原因在于肿瘤的放射敏感性存在很大的个体差异,甚至一些肿瘤细胞对射线产生了耐受性。不同肿瘤或同一肿瘤的不同病理类型其放射敏感性存在差异,主要与肿瘤细胞固有的内在敏感性及肿瘤细胞微环境有关。因此,为改善肿瘤的放疗疗效,提高肿瘤的控制率和长期存活率,放射生物学家针对影响肿瘤放射敏感性的因素进行了广泛的研究。研究表明,TLR4能够通过不同的途径影响肿瘤细胞的放射敏感性,从而影响肿瘤的放疗疗效[8]。本文将通过对TLR4与肿瘤微环境的关系及其如何介导肿瘤的免疫逃逸、影响放疗疗效等方面的阐述,为临床肿瘤放疗提供更多的线索和思路。
Toll样受体4与肿瘤及其放射敏感性的研究进展
Advance in toll-like receptor 4 and tumor and its radiosensitivity
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摘要: Toll样受体4(TLR4)是一类重要的模式识别受体,不但广泛表达于免疫细胞,也表达于各种肿瘤细胞。TLR4通过不同的信号转导机制促进肿瘤的发生、发展、免疫逃逸、凋亡抵抗、转移和侵袭。激活的TLR4在肿瘤微环境中起着重要作用,且高表达的TLR4影响着肿瘤细胞的放射敏感性,进而严重影响肿瘤放疗的效果,对这些机制的研究可以进一步明确放疗的作用靶点,为恶性肿瘤的治疗提供新的手段。Abstract: Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)is an important group of pattern recognition receptors, which is expressed not only on immune cells widely, but also on a variety of tumor cells. TLR4 can promote the development and progression, immune escape, apoptosis resistance, metastasis and invasion of tumors through different signal transduction mechanisms. Activated TLR4 plays an important role in the tumor microenvironment, and its influence on the radiosensitivity of tumor cells reduces the effect of radiation therapy severely. The study of these mechanisms can further identify the target for cancer radiotherapy, which will undoubtedly provide a new method for the treatment of malignant tumor.
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Key words:
- Toll-like receptor 4 /
- Neoplasms /
- Radiation tolerance /
- Immune escape
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