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前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)是从原发肿瘤部位直接引流所到达的第一站淋巴结。乳腺癌的淋巴结转移有一定的规律,出现跳跃式转移的可能性较小。这种特性为进行前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB)提供了解剖学依据。如果SLN无转移,理论上认为下一站淋巴结也无转移。
SLNB的成功取决于3个重要学科的发展,即核医学、外科肿瘤学和组织生理学。核医学在SLNB中的重要性体现在能提供高质量的淋巴结显像及术中示踪,其主要依赖于以下几个方面:①放射性胶体能进入淋巴系统;②显像剂能在淋巴管中流向SLN;③放射性胶体在SLN中持续性浓聚;④能区别SLN和下一站淋巴结,建立合适的摄影方案并保证所有的SLN能被识别;⑤准确的SLN表面定位[1]。
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理想的放射性显像剂必须能进入淋巴系统,能在淋巴管中流向SLN并能在SLN中持续性浓聚,常用的是99Tcm标记的胶体,包括99Tcm-硫胶体、99Tcm-葡聚糖胶体、99Tcm-硫化锑胶体、99Tcm-白蛋白胶体等,其各自的特性见表 1。
显像剂 平均粒径大小 标记过程 淋巴显像特征 主要应用范围 99Tcm-硫胶体 过滤前:100~600 nm
过滤后:5~50 nm复杂,需加酸、加热、加缓冲液、过滤 粒径会随时间缓慢增加,能被SLN长时间浓聚 美国、中国 99Tcm-葡聚糖胶体 国内:5~50 nm
国外:2~4 nm简单,不需加热,可直接标记 淋巴摄取快,显像时间短(小于2 h) 国内外广泛应用 99Tcm-白蛋白胶体 纳微胶体:5~80 nm
毫微胶体:200~1000 nm简单,不需加热,可直接标记 摄取率相对较低 欧洲 99Tcm-硫化锑胶体 3~50 nm 复杂,需加酸、加热、加碱中和 颗粒均匀,体内稳定性好,摄取率高 澳大利亚、加拿大 注:表中,SLN:前哨淋巴结。 显像剂在SLNB的应用技术上尚未统一,目前多种显像剂并存,而且采用的剂量、间隔时间也略有差别,根据胶体理论,胶体是一个不稳定的体系,其胶体粒径在不同时间、不同条件下容易发生变化。但是在临床研究报道中各显像剂对SLN的检出率及灵敏度都较高,Harlow和Krag[4]报道的检出率为95%~100%,假阴性率为0%~15%。
有研究发现,直径为100~200 nm的白蛋白胶体的SLN计数最多[5]。滤过后(100 nm滤过器)的99Tcm-硫胶体的运输率更高,放射性剂量更低,因此,如果要在注射后2 h内进行手术应优先选择99Tcm-硫胶体[6]。
研究证明,放射性核素定位法和活性染料定位法联合使用对SLN有更高的检出率和较低的假阴性率,并能进行较准确的分期[7]。表 1所列显像剂都是通过性显像剂,停留在SLN的时间不等,存在相对分子质量不均一、次级淋巴结显像的问题,而且对操作者有较高的要求;另外,放射性核素定位法和活性染料定位法结合虽然可以有较高的检出率,但是需要进行两次注射,操作不便。因此,现有学者尝试使用多种新型显像剂进行显像,包括99Tcm标记的单克隆抗体的淋巴显像、染料和放射性核素结合为一体的改良的脂质体的淋巴显像等,以期达到更好的诊断效果。
99Tcm-亚氨基噻吩-利妥昔单抗与常规的通过性显像剂的原理不同,利妥昔单抗是一种针对B淋巴细胞膜上CD20分子的人源化单克隆抗体,能与所有淋巴细胞内CD20特异性结合,定位于SLN内[8]。采用2-亚氨基噻吩作为双功能连接剂标记利妥昔单抗,使其保留免疫活性,因99Tcm-亚氨基噻吩-利妥昔单抗的特异性强、稳定性高、相对分子质量均一、注射点残留率低,且能避免次级淋巴结显影等优点,在临床上显示出了较好的应用前景[9]。
2001年,Phillips等[10]在六甲基丙烯胺肟上标记99Tcm,并将蓝色染料一起包裹在脂质体内,同时在脂质体表面结合生物素,在肿瘤周围皮下注射,随后注射抗生物素蛋白,当脂质体进入淋巴管时与已经进入淋巴管的抗生物素蛋白结合,然后陷入最初进入的淋巴结内,这种方法使得SLN的滞留数量明显增加,滞留时间延长,且同时具有蓝染和放射性两种属性,临床应用更加方便。
核医学在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中的方法学研究现状
Current status of methodology research on nuclear medicine on sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer
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摘要: 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,腋窝淋巴结清扫术一直被认为是乳腺癌外科治疗中最基本的手术方法。近年来发展起来的前哨淋巴结活检术因既能避免腋窝淋巴结清扫术引起的并发症,又能对乳腺癌进行准确地分期,具有操作简单、安全、准确率高、创伤小等优点,从而逐渐被国内外认可,已代替腋窝淋巴结清扫术成为治疗腋下淋巴结阴性患者的主要方法。在前哨淋巴结活检术中,核医学检查起了至关重要的作用,其中,放射性显像剂、注射技术、探测技术以及探测标准对乳腺癌腋下淋巴结和内乳淋巴结检测的准确率和假阴性率有着重要的影响,该文对近年来国内外关于核医学在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术中的方法学研究现状进行综述。
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关键词:
- 乳腺肿瘤 /
- 前哨淋巴结活组织检查 /
- 核医学
Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of the female, and axillary lymph node dissection has been considered as the basic method in breast cancer surgery. Sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB) in recent years is accepted gradually both at home and abroad because it not only can avoid complications but also has the advantages of safe and simple operation, high accuracy, and slight trauma. It has taken the place of axillary lymph node dissection in the treatment of axillary node-negative patients. Nuclear medicine inspection has played a crucial role in SLNB, and radiotracers, injecting techniques, detecting methods and standards have great influence upon the accuracy and false-negative rate of axillary lymph nodes and internal mammary lymph nodes detection. In this review, the current methodology status of nuclear medicine is summarized on SLNB in breast cancer at home and abroad.-
Key words:
- Breast neoplasms /
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy /
- Nuclear medicine
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显像剂 平均粒径大小 标记过程 淋巴显像特征 主要应用范围 99Tcm-硫胶体 过滤前:100~600 nm
过滤后:5~50 nm复杂,需加酸、加热、加缓冲液、过滤 粒径会随时间缓慢增加,能被SLN长时间浓聚 美国、中国 99Tcm-葡聚糖胶体 国内:5~50 nm
国外:2~4 nm简单,不需加热,可直接标记 淋巴摄取快,显像时间短(小于2 h) 国内外广泛应用 99Tcm-白蛋白胶体 纳微胶体:5~80 nm
毫微胶体:200~1000 nm简单,不需加热,可直接标记 摄取率相对较低 欧洲 99Tcm-硫化锑胶体 3~50 nm 复杂,需加酸、加热、加碱中和 颗粒均匀,体内稳定性好,摄取率高 澳大利亚、加拿大 注:表中,SLN:前哨淋巴结。 -
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