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嗅神经母细胞瘤(esthesioneuroblastoma, ENB)在临床上较少见, 它是一种来源于鼻腔顶部嗅神经上皮细胞的神经外胚层肿瘤, 于1924年由Berger和Luc首先发现, 其发病率仅为0.4/100万[1]。目前, 全世界范围内文献报道的ENB仅有1000余例。
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多数观点认为, ENB可能起源于嗅膜的神经上皮成分或嗅基板的神经外胚叶成分[2], 但目前仍无有力的证据表明其与嗅上皮有直接关系, 因此, 对ENB的起源仍存争议[3]。
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光镜下可见ENB大小一致的圆形或小梭型细胞, 少量粉染或透明的胞质及深染的细胞核。细胞分化程度好, 由形态较一致的小细胞环状排列, 形成Flexner-Wintersteiner真菊形团或Homer-Wright假菊形团。另外, 光镜下还可见间质的钙化, 以及神经节细胞、含黑色素的细胞和异向分化细胞存在[4]。瘤细胞之间有嗜酸性纤维样背景, 为有诊断意义的形态特征。
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神经元烯醇化酶、神经纤维丝蛋白、CD56(一种分化群抗原)、嗜铬粒蛋白以及S100蛋白等染色有助于ENB的诊断。
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透射电镜下ENB细胞由明、暗两类细胞组成。其中, 明细胞细胞质基质较淡, 细胞器较少, 核外形较一致, 呈卵圆形, 染色质颗粒细小而稀疏, 细胞质内偶见神经内分泌颗粒。暗细胞细胞质基质电密度略高, 内含较多的粗面内质网和其他细胞器, 染色质颗粒较粗, 靠核膜分布。如果观察到一致的圆核、致密的神经内分泌颗粒、神经元突起含有微管和神经微丝但突触少见, 则对ENB的诊断更为可靠。
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疾病的病理分级对判断预后有意义。Hyams等[5]在不同分化水平的基础上将ENB分为4级(表 1)。Morita等[6]观察49例ENB发现, 低级别与高级别ENB患者的5年生存率分别为80%和40%。Dias等[7]分析了相关病例后认为, Hyams分级高的患者对于治疗的反应率较低, 低级别和高级别ENB患者的5年生存率分别为64%和43%。
病理分级 病理结构 钙化 小叶结构 核分裂相 核多型性 菊形团 坏死 1级 可有 存在 无 无 H-W菊形团± 无 2级 可有 存在 可见 中等 H-W菊形团± 无 3级 无 ± 较多 较明显 Flexner菊形团± 偶有 4级 无 ± 明显 明显 无 常见 注:表中,H-W菊形团:即Homer-Wright菊形团(又名假菊形团),瘤细胞呈环形排列,中心为嗜酸性的细胞突起;Flexner菊形团:又名真菊形团,瘤细胞呈环形排列,中心为空腔,似腺样结构;±:表示可能有该种表现也可能没有该种表现。 表 1 嗅神经母细胞瘤Hyams病理分级
嗅神经母细胞瘤的诊断与治疗进展
Progress of diagnosis and treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma
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摘要: 嗅神经母细胞瘤(ENB)为临床少见的来源于鼻腔顶部的恶性肿瘤。目前,全世界范围内文献报道的ENB仅有1000余例。该肿瘤具有独特的临床、影像、组织学、免疫组化及分子特征。但目前仍没有标准的治疗方案。颅面联合手术仍为ENB的主要治疗手段,但因其技术复杂、操作难度大,故总体治疗效果仍不满意。该文结合近年来的相关文献报道,对ENB的临床、病理特点以及最新的治疗手段进行综述。
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关键词:
- 成感觉神经细胞瘤, 嗅觉 /
- 放射疗法 /
- 药物疗法 /
- 外科手术
Abstract: Esthesioneuroblastoma(ENB)is an uncommon malignant tumor of the nasal vault.With only about 1000 cases reported in the world.These tumors have distinctive clinical, radiographic, histologic, immunohistochemical and molecular features.The best treatment has yet to be defined.Bicranial-facial surgical approach remains the primary treatment for ENB.But for its technical complexity, the treatment effect is still not satisfied.This manuscript will review the clinical and pathologic feature, current treatment of ENB focusing on the recent advances in these tumors. -
表 1 嗅神经母细胞瘤Hyams病理分级
病理分级 病理结构 钙化 小叶结构 核分裂相 核多型性 菊形团 坏死 1级 可有 存在 无 无 H-W菊形团± 无 2级 可有 存在 可见 中等 H-W菊形团± 无 3级 无 ± 较多 较明显 Flexner菊形团± 偶有 4级 无 ± 明显 明显 无 常见 注:表中,H-W菊形团:即Homer-Wright菊形团(又名假菊形团),瘤细胞呈环形排列,中心为嗜酸性的细胞突起;Flexner菊形团:又名真菊形团,瘤细胞呈环形排列,中心为空腔,似腺样结构;±:表示可能有该种表现也可能没有该种表现。 -
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