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甲状旁腺一般有4个腺体, 紧密附在甲状腺左右两叶的背面内侧, 正常甲状旁腺呈椭圆形, 长5~7 mm、宽3~4 mm, 质量为40~60 mg。甲状旁腺可产生甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone, PTH), 该激素在钙、磷代谢平衡及骨骼代谢等方面起着重要作用。PTH可直接作用于骨骼, 促进钙的吸收; 也可直接作用于肾脏, 刺激钙的重吸收以及1, 25-二羟维生素D的合成。
甲状旁腺功能亢进症(hyperparathyroidism, HPT)是由于甲状旁腺本身病变或继发于各种原因所致的PTH分泌过多的一种内分泌疾病, 可分为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(primary hyperparathyroidism, PHT)、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism, SHPT)和三发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(tertiary hyperparathyroidism, THPT)。PHT是由于甲状旁腺腺瘤、增生或腺癌所引起PTH合成、分泌过多, 通过其对骨和肾的作用, 导致高钙血症和低磷血症。其中, 甲状旁腺腺瘤约占85%, 绝大多数为单个病灶, 且多位于下极的甲状旁腺, 6%~ 10%的甲状旁腺腺瘤可向下异位于纵隔内, 腺瘤的体积一般较小, 质量为0.5~5.0g, 但也可大至10~20 g, 有完整的包膜, 其中主要是主细胞, 有时从组织学上与增生不易区分; 约10%的病例为甲状旁腺增生, 常累及4个腺体, 外形不规则, 无包膜, 其中主要也是主细胞, 但有时增生的组织周围可形成假包膜, 易误认为多发性甲状旁腺腺瘤; 甲状旁腺癌较为少见, 伴有功能亢进的甲状旁腺癌占2%以下。SHPT是由于各种原因所致的低钙血症, 其刺激甲状旁腺增生、肥大, 分泌过多的PTH, 最常见于肾功能不全、骨软化症。THPT是指在SHPT的基础上, 由于腺体受到持久的刺激, 部分增生组织转变为腺瘤, 自主地分泌过多的PTH而导致的病变, 临床上较为少见。
治疗HPT的惟一确切有效的措施就是外科手术, 所以术前定位诊断极为重要, 本文主要针对HPT放射性核素显像进行综述。
放射性核素显像在甲状旁腺功能亢进症中的应用
Application of radionuclide imaging in hyperparathyroidism
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摘要: 甲状旁腺功能亢进症(HPT)是由于甲状旁腺本身病变或继发于各种原因所致甲状旁腺激素分泌过多的一类内分泌疾病,其主要根据病史和生化检查来确诊,目前最有效的治疗方法是外科手术切除亢进的甲状旁腺组织或腺瘤,可用于术前定位诊断的影像学方法主要有放射性核素显像、超声、CT、MRI等。该文主要针对HPT放射性核素显像进行综述。Abstract: Hyperparathyroidism(HPT)is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone.Excessive parathyroid hormone secretion may be due to problems in the glands themselves, or may be secondary HPT.The diagnosis is mainly based on the patient's medical history and biochemical tests.The best treatment nowadays is surgical removal of the overactive parathyroid glands or adenoma.The imaging methods for the preoperative localization diagnosis include radionuclide imaging, ultrasonography, CT, MRI, etc.This article was a summary of HPT radionuclide imaging.
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Key words:
- Hyperparathyroidism /
- Radionuclide imaging
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