-
核能是通过核衰变、核裂变、核聚变之一的方式释放能量。核裂变在能源发展中已做出了应有的贡献,但存在着资源利用率低、剩余的废液中含有大量高浓度的放射性核素,成为危害生物圈的潜在因素;核聚变能源已成为人类未来最理想的能源,氚是核聚变反应堆中的重要燃料,在核能系统的研究及应用中氚占有重要地位。因此,随着核能的发展,氚生物效应的研究与核聚变反应堆的开发这一重大课题有着密切关系,也是当今其能在放射医学、核医学及辐射防护研究领域中占有重要位置的主要原因。
氚的辐射危害与防护管理
Radiation hazard and protection management of tritium
-
摘要: 氚既是核聚变反应的主要原料,也是核裂变反应堆的中子俘获反应产物,加强氚对生态环境的影响、对其毒理学及辐射防护体系的研究已成为当务之急。本期专刊重点介绍了氚的环境迁移与监测、氚的辐射危害与评价、氚的辐射防护与管理,并提出了今后深入开展氚研究的主要方向。Abstract: Tritium is the main raw material for nuclear fusion reaction, strengthening the research on the impact of tritium on the environment, the harm to living organisms and the radiation protection system has become an urgent issue. This paper mainly introduces the hazard and evaluation of tritium, tritium protection and management, and proposes the main issues of further tritium research.
-
Key words:
- Nuclear fusion /
- Tritium /
- Radiation hazard /
- Radiation protection
-
[1] 张廷克, 李闽榕, 潘启龙. 中国核能发展报告(2019)[M]. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2019.
Zhang TK, Li MR, Pan QL. The report on the development of China's nuclear energy (2019)[M]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2019.[2] 彭述明, 王和义. 氚化学与工艺学[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2015.
Peng SM, Wang HY. Tritium chemistry and technology[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2015.[3] 蒋国强, 罗德礼, 陆光达, 等. 氚和氚的工程技术[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2008.
Jiang GQ, Luo DL, Lu GD, et al. Tritium and industry techniques of tritium[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2008.[4] 王佩璇, 宋家树. 材料中的氦及氚渗透[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2002.
Wang PX, Song JS. Helium in materials and the permeation of tritium[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2002.[5] 列·阿·连斯基. 氚的物理和化学[M]. 毛世奇, 江祖荫, 译. 北京: 原子能出版社, 1991.
Lensky LA. Physics and chemistry of tritium[M]. Mao SQ, Jiang ZY, trans. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press, 1991.[6] 张伟, 姚守忠. 氚工艺[M]. 北京: 原子能出版社, 2012.
Zhang W, Yao SZ. Tritium process[M]. Beijing: Atomic Energy Press, 2012.[7] International Atomic Energy Agency. Modelling the environmental transport of tritium in the vicinity of long term atmospheric and sub-surface sources[R]. Vienna: IAEA, 2003. [8] 周湘艳, 董金婵, 周舜元, 等. 氚相对生物效应的实验研究及遗传危害的估计[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 1988, 8(6): 369−374. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-5098.1988.06.101.
Zhou XY, Dong JC, Zhou SY, et al. Experimental stuty on genetic effect and RBE values of tritium[J]. Chin J Radiol Med Prot, 1988, 8(6): 369−374. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-5098.1988.06.101.[9] Higley K, Real A, Chambers D, et al. ICRP publication 148: radiation weighting for reference animals and plants[J]. Ann ICRP, 2021, 50(2): 9−133. DOI: 10.1177/0146645319896548. [10] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation: UNSCEAR 2016 report. Report to the general assembly, scientific annexes A, B, C and D[R]. New York: United Nations, 2017: 345, 358−359. [11] Report of the Independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation. Review of risks from tritium[R]. Health Protection Agency, 2007. [12] Fairlie I. Tritium hazard report: pollution and radiation risk from Canadian nuclear facilities[R]. Greenpeace, 2007: 85. [13] 王冰, 吕慧敏, 刘玉龙, 等. 低剂量氚照射对仔鼠中枢神经系统的影响及其机理研究[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2019, 39(5): 2−18. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6356.2019.05.002.
Wang B, Lyu HM, Liu YL, et al. Effects of low-dose tritium irradiation on the central nervous system of offspring rats and its mechanism[J]. Radiat Prot Bull, 2019, 39(5): 2−18. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6356.2019.05.002.[14] 吕慧敏, 周湘艳, 董金婵, 等. 氚水通过不同创伤皮肤的吸收率[J]. 中华放射医学与防护杂志, 1995, 15(6): 411−413.
Lyu HM, Zhou XY, Dong JC, et al. Absorption rate of tritium through different traumatic skins[J]. Chin J Radiol Med Prot, 1995, 15(6): 411−413.[15] 王春燕, 刘玉龙. 氚水诱发染色体畸变的研究进展[J]. 辐射防护通讯, 2019, 39(5): 36−41, 46. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6356.2019.05.006.
Wang CY, Liu YL. Research progress on chromosome aberrations induced by tritiated water[J]. Radiat Prot Bull, 2019, 39(5): 36−41, 46. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-6356.2019.05.006.[16] 刘芬菊, 苏燎原, 刘克良, 等. 冻结肩病人的免疫功能测定[J]. 苏州医学院学报, 1992, 12(1): 56−57, 73.
Liu FJ, Su LY, Liu KL, et al. Determination on the frozen shoulder patients' immunolic function[J]. Acta Acad Med Suzhou, 1992, 12(1): 56−57, 73.[17] 刘芬菊, 苏燎原. 维生素A对CD4+和CD8+细胞辐射效应的影响[J]. 辐射研究与辐射工艺学报, 1995, 13(1): 29−32.
Liu FJ, Su LY. The effect of vitamin A on CD4+ and CD8+ cells irradiated by 60Co γ-ray[J]. J Radiat Res Radiat Proc, 1995, 13(1): 29−32.[18] Zuo XY, Chen Q, Li HW, et al. Effects of Chahuangjing on decorporation and radiation protection against tritiated water[J/OL]. Dose-Response, 2018, 16(4): 1559325818810650[2023-09-25]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1559325818810650. DOI: 10.1177/1559325818810650. [19] 刘玉龙, 马楠. 核能运转中氚的防护[J]. 中国辐射卫生, 2021, 30(3): 386−390. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2021.03.025.
Liu YL, Ma N. Tritium protection in the operation of nuclear energy[J]. Chin J Radiol Health, 2021, 30(3): 386−390. DOI: 10.13491/j.issn.1004-714x.2021.03.025.[20] 陈炜博, 刘玉龙, 卞华慧, 等. 1例氚内污染人员的剂量估算与医学处理[J]. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2015, 25(12): 1952−1955.
Chen WB, Liu YL, Bian HH, et al. The dose estimation and the medical treatment of one person with tritium internal contamination[J]. Chin J Health Lab Technol, 2015, 25(12): 1952−1955.[21] Wang KZ, Sun L, Xiong KH, et al. Monitoring of tritium internal exposure doses of heavy-water reactor workers in Third Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant[J/OL]. Dose-Response, 2019, 17(4): 1559325819890498[2023-09-25]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1559325819890498. DOI: 10.1177/1559325819890498.
计量
- 文章访问数: 981
- HTML全文浏览量: 891
- PDF下载量: 24