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心脏是系统性淀粉样变性最常累及的器官,心脏淀粉样变性(cardiac amyloidosis,CA)是由于错误折叠的纤维淀粉样前体蛋白沉积于心脏组织所致,是淀粉样变性患者发病与死亡的主要原因[1-2],其临床表现为心肌舒张功能受损导致的限制性心肌病。CA预后差,早期诊疗是延长患者生存期的关键。
CA按病因可分为多种类型,其中免疫球蛋白轻链淀粉样变性(light chain amyloidosis,AL)型和转甲状腺素蛋白淀粉样变性(transthyretin amyloidosis,ATTR)型约占95%以上[3]。AL型CA与克隆性浆细胞的异常增殖有关,其一线治疗方法为化学治疗。ATTR型CA包括获得野生型(ATTRwt)和遗传突变型(ATTRm),ATTR型CA由肝脏内的转甲状腺素蛋白(transthyretin,TTR)错误折叠并沉积导致,其主要治疗方法为药物治疗。自然病程下,AL型CA的中位生存期<6个月,ATTR型CA为3~5年[4]。
目前,CA的影像诊断方法包括超声、心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR)及核医学显像。临床上诊断CA的“金标准”为心肌活检,但由于其为有创性检查,因此可能发生穿孔、心包填塞、心律失常和三尖瓣损伤等并发症[5];另一方面,由于淀粉样蛋白沉积可能不是弥漫性的,因此使用活检样本的淀粉样蛋白含量代替心脏的淀粉样蛋白含量可能不准确,特别是在CA早期[6],这些因素都会影响心肌活检结果的准确性及其应用。相比之下,核医学显像不仅可以对CA进行无创性诊断及分型,还可以进行全心显像以评估心脏的淀粉样蛋白负荷,其在CA的疗效评价及预后评估方面也发挥着重要作用。本文就核医学显像在CA中的最新研究进展作一综述。
核医学显像在心脏淀粉样变性中的应用进展
Application progress of nuclear medicine imaging in cardiac amyloidosis
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摘要: 淀粉样变性是由多种原因造成的淀粉样物质在体内各脏器细胞间的沉积,其可使受累脏器的功能逐渐衰竭。淀粉样物质累及心脏时即导致心脏淀粉样变性(CA),其预后最差。CA中以转甲状腺素蛋白淀粉样变性型及免疫球蛋白轻链型最常见,二者的中位生存期及治疗方法存在巨大差异,因此,早期诊断及准确分型对于患者的治疗至关重要。核医学显像可以对CA患者进行无创性诊断及准确分型,在临床上逐渐得到了广泛应用。笔者就核医学显像在CA中的最新研究进展作一综述,以提高临床医师对于CA的认识,便于早期诊断CA。
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关键词:
- 淀粉样变性 /
- 前白蛋白 /
- 免疫球蛋白轻链 /
- 体层摄影术,发射型计算机,单光子 /
- 正电子发射断层显像术 /
- 体层摄影术,X线计算机
Abstract: Amyloidosis is the accumulation of amyloid in the cells of various organs in the body caused by various reasons, resulting in the gradual failure of the affected organs. When amyloid affects the heart, known as cardiac amyloidosis (CA), the prognosis is the worst. In CA, transthyretin amyloidosis and immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis are the most common, and there are huge differences in the median survival time and treatment methods of the two. Therefore, early diagnosis and accurate classification are crucial for the treatment of such patients. Nuclear medicine imaging can non-invasively diagnose and accurately classify CA, and has been widely used in clinical practice. This article reviews the recent progress of nuclear medicine imaging in CA to improve clinicians' understanding of CA and facilitate early diagnosis of CA. -
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