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近年来,尽管经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)有效降低了急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者的病死率,但AMI仍为目前冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(简称冠心病)患者致死、致残的主要病因[1]。行PCI的目的在于挽救濒死心肌,改善AMI患者的预后。心肌挽救量(myocardial salvage,MS)对于PCI的疗效评估及预后判断具有重要价值[2]。由MS与初始心肌危险区面积(area at risk,AAR)的比值获得的心肌挽救指数(myocardial salvage index,MSI)是AMI患者行PCI是否获益的独立预测因子[3]。
门控SPECT心肌灌注显像(gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging,GSMPI)通过计算机软件自动处理可“一站式”获得血流灌注参数及多项功能参数[4]。在急诊PCI前注射显像剂99Tcm-MIBI行GSMPI检测AMI患者的初始心肌AAR的方法的临床价值已在早期的大样本研究中得到验证[5-6],通过与PCI后再次显像获得的心肌最终梗死面积(final infarction size,FIS)进行比较可获得MS及MSI。一项对765例AMI患者的大样本研究结果表明,经再灌注治疗后MSI<0.5的AMI患者,其6个月病死率明显高于MSI≥0.5者;MSI与AMI患者的6个月病死率呈独立相关,MSI能够预测AMI患者的6个月病死率[5]。该研究结果还显示,在用于测试AMI患者再灌注治疗疗效的临床试验中,MSI可作为病死率的替代指标,尤其是对于新治疗方案的有效性的判断,能够明显降低对样本量的要求,且可行性更佳。然而,临床实践中在急诊时行GSMPI通常很难实现,原因包括:核素显像剂难以及时供应、大多数单位不具备夜间急诊条件、核医学科距离急诊科或胸痛中心较远等,以上原因导致GSMPI在AMI患者急诊时的应用受到限制[3, 7-8]。
近年来有学者提出,利用AMI患者行PCI后早期心肌顿抑的原理,通过PCI后早期行1次静息状态下GSMPI即可间接获得AAR[9-12],从而实现对MS及MSI的定量评估,该方法的结果与2次显像法的一致性很好,且操作简便,同时降低了辐射剂量及检查费用,实用价值明显提高,对AMI患者的危险度分层、个体化治疗方案制定、疗效评价、预后判断具有重要价值。笔者拟对该新显像方案的机制、应用价值、优势及发展前景作一综述。
门控SPECT心肌灌注显像评估急性心肌梗死患者心肌挽救量的研究进展
Research progress of gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in evaluating myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction
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摘要: 急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的目的在于尽可能地挽救濒死心肌。心肌挽救量(MS)与患者能否获益密切相关,在PCI的疗效评估及预后判断中具有重要价值。评价MS需明确初始心肌危险区面积(AAR)和心肌最终梗死面积(FIS),二者之差即为MS。通过急诊时和PCI后2次99Tcm-甲氧基异丁基异腈门控SPECT心肌灌注显像(GSMPI)可分别定量AAR和FIS,从而获得MS,结果客观、准确,其临床价值在早期的大样本研究中已得到肯定。但在急诊时行GSMPI受到很多限制,致使AAR较难获得。近年来有学者提出的新显像方案,仅通过PCI后早期行1次GSMPI即可测定AAR,替代了2次显像法计算得到MS,其可行性及在临床中的实用价值显著提高。同时,新显像方案也扩展了核素GSMPI在AMI诊疗中的应用范围,为AMI患者的危险度分层提供了补充信息。笔者拟对GSMPI评估AMI患者MS的新显像方案的机制、应用价值、优势及发展前景作一综述。
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关键词:
- 心肌灌注显像 /
- 心肌梗死 /
- 体层摄影术,发射型计算机,单光子 /
- 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 /
- 心肌挽救量
Abstract: The purpose of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is to save dying myocardium as much as possible. The amount of myocardial salvage (MS) is closely related to whether the patients benefit from the PCI. MS is of great value for PCI efficacy evaluation and prognosis. To assess MS, the initial myocardial area at risk (AAR) before PCI and the final infarction size (FIS) after PCI should be determined, and the difference between the two is called MS. AAR and FIS can be quantified by double 99Tcm-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (GSMPI) on emergency admission and after PCI, respectively. The results are objective and accurate, and its clinical value has been confirmed in early large sample studies. However, emergency GSMPI has many limitations that make AAR difficult to obtain. In recent years, some scholars proposed that the only one GSMPI method early after PCI could replace double imaging method for MS evaluation, which significantly improved the feasibility and expanded the application extent of GSMPI in the diagnosis and treatment of AMI, and provided supplementary information for risk stratification in patients with AMI. The principle, application value, advantages and development prospect of the new method for evaluating MS in AMI patients are reviewed by authors. -
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