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放射性核素体表污染是在重大核或放射事故出现后最有可能发生的风险事件,这种风险也同样存在于核工业、核研究及核医学等相关部门。一旦发生放射性核素泄露,放射性核素最常见的污染区域是受放射性核素污染人员的脸、手、头发和外衣。放射性核素污染人员体表后,造成的影响主要包括对皮肤的辐射损伤(局部损伤)和放射性核素的二次内部(全身)吸收。皮肤对放射性核素的吸收能力波动范围较大,经皮肤进入人体的放射性核素能随血液直接运输到全身。角质层是放射性核素的储存库和经皮吸收的介质,表皮细胞快速分裂的生发层易受到放射性核素的影响。为避免放射性核素通过皮肤进入人体,应于放射性核素沾染体表后尽快进行体表污染去除工作。
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近年来国外和国内有关组织或机构的建议或指南中有关放射性核素体表不同部位污染去除的策略见表1。由表1可知,常用的体表污染去除制剂包括水、肥皂水、生理盐水、洗涤剂、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)/DTPA洗剂、聚维酮碘六氯苯等,其种类和数量具有一定的局限性。
组织或机构[文献] 完整皮肤 受伤皮肤 耳部 头发 法国核安全局[1] 温和肥皂水和DTPA洗剂 DTPA洗剂 10%DTPA洗剂 温和肥皂水 美国国家辐射防护与测量委员会[2] 水、肥皂或洗涤剂+螯合剂(EDTA/DTPA) 洗涤剂+局部麻醉剂(4%利多卡因) − 剃须刀 美国疾病控制与预防中心[3] 温和肥皂水 − 温和肥皂水 温和肥皂水 美国国土安全部[4] 水、肥皂水和3%聚维酮碘六氯苯 水、肥皂水和3%聚维酮碘六氯苯 − 无护发素的洗发水 国际原子能机构[1] 温水和低酸度的普通肥皂或洗涤剂 生理盐水 等渗盐水 洗发水或剃须刀 美国武装部队放射生物学研究所[1] 水、肥皂和0.5%漂白剂 − 水或生理盐水 水和肥皂 中国疾病预防控制中心[5] 温水、去污剂 生理盐水或去污剂+局部麻醉剂(1%~2%利多卡因) 生理盐水、去污剂 水、肥皂、去污剂 注:−表示无此项数据。DTPA为二亚乙基三胺五乙酸;EDTA为乙二胺四乙酸 表 1 国外和国内有关组织或机构放射性核素体表不同部位污染去除策略
Table 1. Strategies for removing contamination from different parts of the skin of radioactive nuclides by foreign and domestic organizations or institutions
放射性核素体表污染去除制剂的研究现状
Research status of decontaminating agent of radionuclides from skin
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摘要: 放射性核素体表污染去除是防止放射性核素进一步损伤人体的关键措施,笔者结合国内外对放射性核素体表污染去除的策略,总结了目前已上市和正在研究的放射性核素体表污染去除制剂,从壳聚糖衍生物、有机磷酸类、高分子聚合物、有机骨架材料等几个方面综述了有潜力成为放射性核素体表污染去除的候选制剂,旨在为后续研究放射性核素体表污染去除新制剂提供参考。Abstract: The removal of skin contamination from radioactive nuclides is a key measure to prevent further harm to the human body. Based on the strategies for removing skin contamination from radioactive nuclides at home and abroad, the authors summarize the currently available and under research decontaminating agent of radionuclides from skin, including several aspects such as chitosan derivatives, organic phosphates, polymer, organic skeleton materials, which have the potential to become candidate formulations for the removal of skin contamination from radioactive nuclides. The aim is to provide reference for future research on new formulations for the removal of skin contamination from radioactive nuclides.
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Key words:
- Radioisotopes /
- Radioactive pollutants /
- Skin /
- Decontaminating agent
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表 1 国外和国内有关组织或机构放射性核素体表不同部位污染去除策略
Table 1. Strategies for removing contamination from different parts of the skin of radioactive nuclides by foreign and domestic organizations or institutions
组织或机构[文献] 完整皮肤 受伤皮肤 耳部 头发 法国核安全局[1] 温和肥皂水和DTPA洗剂 DTPA洗剂 10%DTPA洗剂 温和肥皂水 美国国家辐射防护与测量委员会[2] 水、肥皂或洗涤剂+螯合剂(EDTA/DTPA) 洗涤剂+局部麻醉剂(4%利多卡因) − 剃须刀 美国疾病控制与预防中心[3] 温和肥皂水 − 温和肥皂水 温和肥皂水 美国国土安全部[4] 水、肥皂水和3%聚维酮碘六氯苯 水、肥皂水和3%聚维酮碘六氯苯 − 无护发素的洗发水 国际原子能机构[1] 温水和低酸度的普通肥皂或洗涤剂 生理盐水 等渗盐水 洗发水或剃须刀 美国武装部队放射生物学研究所[1] 水、肥皂和0.5%漂白剂 − 水或生理盐水 水和肥皂 中国疾病预防控制中心[5] 温水、去污剂 生理盐水或去污剂+局部麻醉剂(1%~2%利多卡因) 生理盐水、去污剂 水、肥皂、去污剂 注:−表示无此项数据。DTPA为二亚乙基三胺五乙酸;EDTA为乙二胺四乙酸 -
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