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高原是指海拔在2 500 m以上的地域,其环境特殊,具有低压、低氧、低温、强辐射和大风等特点[1]。平原人群暴露于高原环境后,机体的组织、器官在形态、结构和功能上会发生一系列代偿性变化,以适应高原的特殊环境,被定义为高原习服[2]。而高原适应是指久居高原的人群经过数代自然选择与进化,能将适应高原特殊环境的复杂表型遗传给下一代,引起机体生理、生化特征改变。机体由于习服能力不全或代偿能力有限而引发的综合征称为高原病,根据发病急缓可分为急性高原病(acute mountain sickness,AMS)和慢性高原病(chronic mountain sickness,CMS)。AMS是指机体在进入高原的数小时内发生的临床综合征,其发生率为40%~90%,与个体易感性、上升速度、海拔高度和纬度等因素有关[3]。CMS是指久居在高原上的世居者或平原移居者因对高原特殊环境逐渐失去习服能力而发生的临床综合征。流行病学研究结果表明,1.2%~33%的高海拔人群患有CMS [4]。
目前,高原病的诊断主要依据症状表现与临床检测结果综合判断。国际上主要采用路易斯湖评分或环境症状问卷评估AMS[5]。我国先后建立了急性高原反应分度及标准,如高原病名、分型及诊断标准和CMS青海诊断标准[6]。由于症状评分量表在一定程度上依靠主观评价,缺乏客观的评价指标,因此,选择更客观、准确的诊断工具评估高原病意义重大。X线、CT、MRI、超声、SPECT和PET等临床医学影像技术具有实时快速、非侵入性、可重复性等优势,能全面、动态、系统地反映机体在疾病状态下的局部变化,已被广泛应用于临床诊治过程[7]。我们对临床医学影像技术在高原病的诊断和治疗评估中的应用作一综述。
临床医学影像技术在高原病诊断和治疗评估中的应用
Application of clinical medical imaging technology in the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of altitude sickness
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摘要: 高原病是指人体进入高海拔低压低氧环境后,因适应能力不全或失调而引发的一系列临床综合征。该病已成为高原旅居者面临的重大公共健康问题,严重时可危及生命。因此,亟需开发高原病的早期诊断、治疗监测的新方法。X线、CT、MRI、超声、SPECT和PET等临床医学影像技术已成为高原病临床诊疗决策的实用工具。笔者综述了多种医学影像技术在高原病诊断和治疗评估中的应用,以期为高原病的精准诊治提供新思路。Abstract: Altitude sickness refers to a series of clinical syndromes caused by incomplete or maladjustment of adaptability after the human body enters the high altitude hypobaric and hypoxic environment. The disease has become a major public health problem faced by sojourners on the plateau, which can be life-threatening in serious cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new methods for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of altitude sickness. Clinical imaging techniques such as X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound, SPECT and PET have become practical tools for clinical diagnosis and treatment of altitude sickness. This article summarizes the application of various medical imaging techniques in the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of altitude sickness, in order to provide new ideas for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of altitude sickness.
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Key words:
- Altitude sickness /
- Medical imaging /
- Diagnosis /
- Therapy /
- Assessment
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